Cited by 726Schizophrenia research and treatmentPsychological Testing and AssessmentMental Health and Psychiatry

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The Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS): Final Development and Validation

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Kring, Ann M., Gur, Raquel E., Blanchard, Jack J., Horan, William P., Reise, Steven P.·2013·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010109PMC PMC3785242

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: A major barrier to developing treatments for negative symptoms has been measurement concerns with existing assessment tools. Fulfilling the top recommendation of the National Institute of Mental Health's Consensus Development Conference on Negative Symptoms, the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) was developed using an iterative, empirical approach, and includes items assessing motivation, pleasure, and emotion expression. The authors employed multiple analytic techniques to develop the CAINS and here provide final development and validation results. METHOD: The CAINS structure, interrater agreement, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity were assessed in a large and diverse sample of 162 outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder recruited from four sites. RESULTS: Three items with poor psychometric properties were removed, resulting in a 13-item CAINS. The CAINS factor structure was replicated, demonstrating two modestly correlated scales: expression (four items) and motivation/pleasure (nine items). The scales demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest stability, and interrater agreement. Strong convergent validity was demonstrated by linkages with other negative symptom measures, self-report scales of sociality, pleasure, and motivation, and coded facial expressions. Discriminant validity was shown by independence from depression, medication side effects, and cognition. Notably, the CAINS scales were related to real-world vocational, independent living, and social/familial functioning. CONCLUSIONS: The CAINS is an empirically developed and evaluated measure of negative symptoms. Findings indicate that the CAINS is brief yet comprehensive and employable across a wide range of research and clinical contexts.

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BackgroundResult
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“The CAINS assesses experiential (motivation and pleasure [MAP]) and expressive deficits.”
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BackgroundInfluential
Clinical picture, pathogenesis and psychometric assessment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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Method
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“for Negative symptoms (CAINS) do assess anhedonia and pleasure (29, 30).”
Background
Anhedonia in Schizophrenia
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“Negative symptoms were appraised by the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) [51] and the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) [52].”
Method
Do People With Schizophrenia Enjoy Social Activities as Much as Everyone Else? A Meta-analysis of Consummatory Social Pleasure
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“The BNSS-avolition subscale score has also demonstrated a significant correlation with SANS-avolition-apathy score (Kirkpatrick et al., 2011; Strauss et al., 2012), while in one published study the motivation/pleasure subscale score of the CAINS was significantly correlated with both BPRS negative symptom subscale sco…”
Influential
Validation and extension of the Motivation and Pleasure Scale-Self Report (MAP-SR) across the schizophrenia spectrum in the Chinese context
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“score, and two scores for the two negative symptom domains [17] reporting the emotional experience (motivation and pleasure) and emotional expression subscales separately.”
Background
The differential associations of positive and negative symptoms with suicidality
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Perceived emotional intelligence is impaired and associated with poor community functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
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“Symptom ratings All three groups completed the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS; Kring et al., 2013), which is comprised of two subscales.”
Self-citation
Psychometric evaluation of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) in a German sample
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“Furthermore, negative symptoms were measured in both groups using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS, Andreasen, 1989).”
Background
The structure stability of negative symptoms: longitudinal network analysis of the Brief Negative Symptom Scale in people with schizophrenia
Rucci, P., Caporusso, E., Sanmarchi, F., Giordano, G. M., Mucci, A., Giuliani, L., Pezzella, P., Perrottelli, A., Bucci, P., Rocca, P., et al. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.541 · Cited by 26
“…rating scales, such as the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) 22 and the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS), 23 were developed according to the NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement 21 to provide an accurate assessment of negative symptoms in their quantitative…”
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Jovanović, N., Francis, J., Marić, N. P., Arënliu, A., Bajraktarov, S., Kulenović, A. D., Stevović, L. I., Feng, Y., & Novotni, A. (2019) · GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES · doi:10.2478/gp-2019-0020 · Cited by 27
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Negative symptoms in schizophrenia differ across environmental contexts in daily life
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“Furthermore, recent data suggest that negative symptoms should not be considered only as a unitary construct, and that measurement of these symptoms should distinctly assess motivation, pleasure, and emotion expression factors [22].”
Background
Loneliness in the Daily Lives of People With Mood and Psychotic Disorders
Moran, E. K., Shapiro, M., Culbreth, A. J., Nepal, S. K., Ben‐Zeev, D., Campbell, A. T., & Barch, D. M. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae022 · Cited by 27
“Clinician-rated negative symptoms were assessed in all clinical groups using the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS), 23 which includes a Motivation and Pleasure (MAP) and Expression (EXP) subscale.”
Method
Patterns and reliability of EEG during error monitoring for internal versus external feedback in schizophrenia
Llerena, K., Wynn, J. K., Hajcak, G., Green, M. F., & Horan, W. P. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.04.012 · Cited by 26
“There was also significant trial type × group interaction, F(1128) = 28.52, p b 0.001, ηp2 = 0.182, which indicated a larger (more negative) ERN than CRN in the control PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; CAINS-MAP/EXP, Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (Motivation and Pleasure scale and Exp…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Social motivation in schizophrenia: The impact of oxytocin on vigor in the context of social and nonsocial reinforcement.
Fulford, D., Treadway, M. T., & Woolley, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000320 · Cited by 26
Mobile enhancement of motivation in schizophrenia: A pilot randomized controlled trial of a personalized text message intervention for motivation deficits.
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Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Where We have been and Where We are Heading
Azorin, J., Belzeaux-R, R., & Adida, M. (2014) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12292 · Cited by 25
“Progress has recently been made in this area [22,23].”
Background
Social consequences of subclinical negative symptoms: An EMG study of facial expressions within a social interaction
Riehle, M., & Lincoln, T. M. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.01.003 · Cited by 26
“…association of the two subscales of the CAINS (r ¼ 0.67) that was at the higher end of the range of associations between motivational and expressive negative symptoms found in previous studies (Engel, Fritzsche, & Lincoln, 2014; Fervaha et al., 2014; Galderisi et al., 2014; Kring et al., 2013).”
ResultInfluential
Paradigms for Assessing Hedonic Processing and Motivation in Humans: Relevance to Understanding Negative Symptoms in Psychopathology
Barch, D. M., Gold, J. M., & Kring, A. M. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx063 · Cited by 26
Self-citation
A meta-analytic review of self-reported, clinician-rated, and performance-based motivation measures in schizophrenia: Are we measuring the same “stuff”?
Luther, L., Firmin, R. L., Lysaker, P. H., Minor, K. S., & Salyers, M. P. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.04.001 · Cited by 31
Patient-Informed Treatment Development of Behavioral Smoking Cessation for People With Schizophrenia
Wilson, S. M., Thompson, A. C., Currence, E. D., Thomas, S. P., Dedert, E. A., Kirby, A. C., Elbogen, E. B., Moore, S. D., Calhoun, P. S., & Beckham, J. C. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.07.004 · Cited by 25
“76), convergent validity, and discriminate validity (Kring et al., 2013).”
Characteristics of motivation and their impacts on the functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia
Tobe, M., Nemoto, T., Tsujino, N., Yamaguchi, T., Katagiri, N., Fujii, C., & Mizuno, M. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.10.006 · Cited by 29
“Under the current circumstances, where the influence of negative symptoms is being reconsidered [17,39], it would be essential to make further investigation of the relationships between negative symptoms and self-reported/observed motivation.”
Background
Correlations between Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Deficits in Individuals at First Psychotic Episode or at High Risk of Psychosis: A Systematic Review
Melillo, A., Caporusso, E., Giordano, G. M., Giuliani, L., Pezzella, P., Perrottelli, A., Bucci, P., Mucci, A., & Galderisi, S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12227095 · Cited by 26
“A few studies [84,85] failed to ﬁnd signiﬁ-cant correlations between the two negative symptom domains assessed with the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) and cognitive deﬁcits.”
Method
Examining associations between psychosis risk, social anhedonia, and performance of striatum-related behavioral tasks.
Karcher, N. R., Martin, E. A., & Kerns, J. G. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000067 · Cited by 24
The Relationship of Motivation and Neurocognition with Functionality in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analytic Review
Najas-García, A., Gómez‐Benito, J., & Huedo-Medina, T. B. (2018) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-018-0266-4 · Cited by 29
Increased structural connectivity of the medial forebrain bundle in schizophrenia spectrum disorders is associated with delusions of paranoid threat and grandiosity
Bracht, T., Viher, P. V., Stegmayer, K., Strik, W. K., Federspiel, A., Wiest, R., & Walther, S. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102044 · Cited by 23
Mechanisms Underlying Motivational Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Saleh, Y., Barnham, I. J., Fernández-Egea, E., & Husain, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.709753 · Cited by 28
Anhedonia in prolonged schizophrenia spectrum patients with relatively lower vs. higher levels of depression disorders: Associations with deficits in social cognition and metacognition
Buck, K. D., McLeod, H. J., Gumley, A. I., Dimaggio, G., Buck, B., Minor, K. S., James, A. V., & Lysaker, P. H. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.07.005 · Cited by 25
Validation of the Korean-Version of the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (CAINS)
Jung, S. I., Woo, J., Kim, Y., & Kwak, S. G. (2016) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2016.31.7.1114 · Cited by 24
“Procedures Prior to the translation, we obtained permission from the author of the final version CAINS (23) for the translation and standardized study in Korea.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Reliability and Replicability of Implicit and Explicit Reinforcement Learning Paradigms in People With Psychotic Disorders
Pratt, D. N., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., Gold, J. M., Ragland, J. D., Silverstein, S. M., & MacDonald, A. W. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa165 · Cited by 27
Anticipatory Emotion in Schizophrenia
Moran, E. K., & Kring, A. M. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617730877 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Measuring motivation in people with schizophrenia
Fervaha, G., Foussias, G., Takeuchi, H., Agid, O., & Remington, G. J. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.09.012 · Cited by 23
“(Kirkpatrick et al., 2011; Kring et al., 2013).”
Result
Development of the Demotivating Beliefs Inventory and Test of the Cognitive Triad of Amotivation
Pillny, M., Krkovic, K., & Lincoln, T. M. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9940-7 · Cited by 25
“2013), a 15-item self-report measure of amotivation that was developed from the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (Kring et al. 2013).”
Background
Electrophysiological responses to images ranging in motivational salience: Attentional abnormalities associated with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder risk
Martin, E. A., Li, L. Y., & Castro, M. K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61504-2 · Cited by 22
An electrophysiological investigation of emotional abnormalities in groups at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders
Martin, E. A., Karcher, N. R., Bartholow, B. D., Siegle, G. J., & Kerns, J. G. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.02.001 · Cited by 24
Clarifying the overlap between motivation and negative symptom measures in schizophrenia research: A meta-analysis
Luther, L., Fischer, M. W., Firmin, R. L., & Salyers, M. P. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.010 · Cited by 32
Evidence for two distinct domains of negative symptoms: Confirming the factorial structure of the CAINS
Richter, J., Hesse, K., Schreiber, L., Burmeister, C. P., Eberle, M.-C., Eckstein, K. N., Zimmermann, L., Wildgruber, D., & Klingberg, S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.043 · Cited by 22
The CAINS: Theoretical and Practical Advances in the Assessment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Barch, D. M. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12101329 · Cited by 22
“in this issue (4) introduces a new scale, the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS), which represents an important and novel addition to the tools available for assessing negative symptoms in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.”
Background
An Introduction to the Human Connectome Project for Early Psychosis
Jacobs, G. R., Coleman, M., Lewandowski, K. E., Pasternak, O., Karayumak, S. C., Mesholam‐Gately, R. I., Wojcik, J., Kennedy, L., Knyazhanskaya, E. E., Reid, B. E., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae123 · Cited by 22
The Management of Schizophrenia in Clinical Practice (MOSAIC) Registry: A focus on patients, caregivers, illness severity, functional status, disease burden and healthcare utilization
Nasrallah, H. A., Harvey, P. D., Casey, D. E., Csoboth, C. T., Hudson, J. I., Julian, L. J., Lentz, E. L., Nuechterlein, K. H., Perkins, D. O., Kotowsky, N., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.031 · Cited by 21
“The Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) assesses the severity of five consensus-derived negative symptoms: asociality, avolition, anhedonia (consummatory and anticipatory), affective flattening and alogia (Kring et al., 2013).”
Method
Theatre improvisation training to promote social cognition: A novel recovery‐oriented intervention for youths at clinical risk for psychosis
Tang, S. X., Seelaus, K., Moore, T. M., Taylor, J. H., Moog, C., O'Connor, D., Burkholder, M., Kohler, C. G., Grant, P. M., Eliash, D., et al. (2019) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12834 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Associations of psychotic-like experiences, related symptoms, and working memory with functioning
Chun, C. A., Cooper, S., & Ellman, L. M. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.21 · Cited by 22
“The Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS): final development and validation.”
Method
Exploring Risk and Resilient Profiles for Functional Impairment and Baseline Predictors in a 2-Year Follow-Up First-Episode Psychosis Cohort Using Latent Class Growth Analysis
Salagre, E., Grande, I., Solé, B., Mezquida, G., Cuesta, M. J., Díaz‐Caneja, C. M., Amoretti, S., Lobo, A., González-Pinto, A. M., Moreno, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10010073 · Cited by 21
“Fourthly, as the study design was constructed prior to 2009, specific scales for negative symptoms such as the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) [97] or the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) [98] were not used.”
Method
Revisiting the latent structure of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Evidence from two second-generation clinical assessments
Li, S., Liu, C., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Hu, H., Chu, M., Wang, Y., Lv, Q., Lui, S. S. Y., Cheung, E. F. C., et al. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.016 · Cited by 21
Qualitatively Different Delay-Dependent Working Memory Distortions in People With Schizophrenia and Healthy Control Participants
Bansal, S., Bae, G., Robinson, B. M., Dutterer, J., Hahn, B., Luck, S. J., & Gold, J. M. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.07.004 · Cited by 22
A new Integrated Negative Symptom structure of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in schizophrenia using item response analysis
Khan, A., Lindenmayer, J., Opler, M. G., Yavorsky, C., Rothman, B., & Lucic, L. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.007 · Cited by 21
“Most recently, Kring et al. (2013) reported on the validation of the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) and also found a two factor structure underlying this 13-item new scale: Expression and motivation/pleasure.”
Eficacia, eficiencia y efectividad en el tratamiento multidimensional de la esquizofrenia: proyecto Rethinking
Crespo‐Facorro, B., Bernardo, M., Argimón, J. M., Arrojo, M., Bravo‐Ortiz, M. F., Cabrera-Cifuentes, A., Román, J. C., Franco, M., García‐Portilla, M. P., Haro, J. M., et al. (2016) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2016.09.001 · Cited by 28
Retinal functioning and reward processing in schizophrenia
Demmin, D. L., Mote, J., Abel, D. B., Thompson, J. L., & Silverstein, S. M. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.06.019 · Cited by 21
Clinical determinants of social media use in individuals with schizophrenia
Rekhi, G., Ang, M. S., & Lee, J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225370 · Cited by 21
Pathways from performance monitoring to negative symptoms and functional outcomes in psychotic disorders
Foti, D., Perlman, G., Bromet, E. J., Harvey, P. D., Hajcak, G., Mathalon, D. H., & Kotov, R. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000768 · Cited by 21
“…scored as reality distortion (hallucinations and delusions) and disorganized (bizarre behavior and thought disorder), and SANS as inexpressivity (affective flattening and alogia) and avolition (apathy, anhedonia, and asociality) (Blanchard & Cohen, 2006; Kring et al., 2013; Strauss et al., 2013).”
Background
Clinical, behavioural and neural validation of the PANSS amotivation factor
Kaliuzhna, M., Kirschner, M., Carruzzo, F., Hartmann-Riemer, M. N., Bischof, M., Seifritz, E., Tobler, P. N., & Kaiser, S. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.018 · Cited by 21
The interactive effects of negative symptoms and social role functioning on suicide ideation in individuals with schizophrenia
Jahn, D. R., Bennett, M. E., Park, S. G., Gur, R. E., Horan, W. P., Kring, A. M., & Blanchard, J. J. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.12.011 · Cited by 24
“Depressionmeasured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale item 3; Anxiety measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale item 2; Positive symptoms measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Positive Symptoms subscale; Social closenessmeasured by theMultidimensional Personality Questionnaire-Social Closeness subscal…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Impaired error processing in late-phase psychosis: Four-year stability and relationships with negative symptoms
Foti, D., Perlman, G., Hajcak, G., Mohanty, A., Jackson, F. L., & Kotov, R. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.009 · Cited by 21
“, 2010), and the SANS as inexpressivity (affective flattening, alogia) and avolition (apathy, anhedonia, asociality) (Blanchard and Cohen, 2006; Kring et al., 2013; Strauss et al., 2013).”
Background
A Transdiagnostic Study of Effort-Cost Decision-Making in Psychotic and Mood Disorders
Culbreth, A. J., Moran, E. K., Mahaphanit, W., Erickson, M. A., Boudewyn, M. A., Frank, M. J., Barch, D. M., MacDonald, A. W., Ragland, J. D., Luck, S. J., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbad155 · Cited by 19
“37 Negative symptoms were assessed using the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS 38 ) which includes a Motivation and Pleasure (MAP) and Expression (EXP) subscale, with higher scores indicating greater impairment.”
Method
What is the Best Latent Structure of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia? A Systematic Review
Haguiara, B., Koga, G., Diniz, E., Fonseca, L., Higuchi, C. H., Kagan, S., Lacerda, A. L. T., Correll, C. U., & Gadelha, A. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgab013 · Cited by 21
Remote Assessment of Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Daniel, D. G., Cohen, A. S., Velligan, D. I., Harvey, P. D., Alphs, L. D., Davidson, M., Potter, W. Z., Kott, A., Schooler, N. R., Brodie, C. R., et al. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgad001 · Cited by 20
Instruments Measuring Blunted Affect in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review
Kilian, S., Asmal, L., Goosen, A., Chiliza, B., Phahladira, L., & Emsley, R. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127740 · Cited by 19
“001 CAINS Expression Subscale [22] 3 0.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Expectancies of success as a predictor of negative symptoms reduction over 18 months in individuals with schizophrenia
Luther, L., Fukui, S., Firmin, R. L., McGuire, A. B., White, D. A., Minor, K. S., & Salyers, M. P. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.022 · Cited by 20
“Future studies should aim to replicate these findings using more novel instruments of negative symptoms, such as the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS; Horan et al., 2011; Kring et al., 2013) that include assessments of internal experiences.”
Background
Negative symptoms in psychometrically defined schizotypy: The role of depressive symptoms
Campellone, T. R., Elis, O., Mote, J., Sanchez, A. H., & Kring, A. M. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.020 · Cited by 20
“Our findings of greater MAP scores in the HS group is consistent with the idea of schizotypy as a unifying construct as the mean scores fell between people at low risk (LS group) and people with formal schizophrenia-spectrum diagnoses (see Kring et al., 2013).”
Self-citation
Social Cognition, Negative Symptoms and Psychosocial Functioning in Schizophrenia
Madeira, N. G. G. F., Caldeira, S., Bajouco, M., Pereira, A. T., Martins, M. J., & Macedo, A. (2016) · International Journal of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health · doi:10.21035/ijcnmh.2016.3.1 · Cited by 20
“Findings regarding a relationship between the diminished expression subdomain of negative symptoms and functional outcomes in schizophrenia have been mixed, with a relationship found in one study [108] but not in others, particularly after accounting for the predictive role of amotivation [105,109].”
Result
Biomarcadores sanguíneos diferenciales de las dimensiones psicopatológicas de la esquizofrenia
García-Álvarez, L., García‐Portilla, M. P., González-Blanco, L., Sáiz, P. A., de la Fuente-Tomás, L., Menéndez-Miranda, I., García, C. I., & Bobes, J. (2016) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2016.04.003 · Cited by 20
Evidence that communication impairment in schizophrenia is associated with generalized poor task performance
Merrill, A. M., Karcher, N. R., Cicero, D. C., Becker, T. M., Docherty, A. R., & Kerns, J. G. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.051 · Cited by 20

Authors: Kring, A. M., Gur, R. E., Blanchard, J. J., Horan, W. P., & Reise, S. P.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Kring, Ann M.
Gur, Raquel E.
Blanchard, Jack J.
Horan, William P.
Reise, Steven P.
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2013-02
Volume: 170
Issue: 2
Pages: 165-172
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010109
PMC: PMC3785242
OpenAlex: W2131925003
Cited by: 726
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 55 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 24
FWCI: 38.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh082782-03, 5r01mh082890-03)
National Institute of Mental Health (1R01MH082890, R01-MH082890, R01-MH082782, R01MH082839, R01MH082783, 1R01MH082782)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Keywords: negative symptoms, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, motivation, pleasure, emotional expression, interview assessment, psychometric validation, factor structure, convergent validity, discriminant validity, vocational functioning, independent living, social functioning
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Outpatients, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychological Tests, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Social Behavior, Socioeconomic Factors, Volition, Reproducibility of Results, Expressed Emotion, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Pleasure, Anhedonia

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The Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS): Final Development and Validation

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