Cited by 201Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Subcortical Brain Volume, Regional Cortical Thickness, and Cortical Surface Area Across Disorders: Findings From the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD Working Groups

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Boedhoe, Premika S.W., van Rooij, Daan, Hoogman, Martine, Twisk, Jos W.R., Schmaal, Lianne, Abe, Yoshinari, Alonso, Pino, Ameis, Stephanie H., Anikin, Anatoly, Anticevic, Alan, Arango, Celso, Arnold, Paul D., Asherson, Philip, Assogna, Francesca, Auzias, Guillaume, Banaschewski, Tobias, Baranov, Alexander, Batistuzzo, Marcelo C., Baumeister, Sarah, Baur-Streubel, Ramona, Behrmann, Marlene, Bellgrove, Mark A., Benedetti, Francesco, Beucke, Jan C., Biederman, Joseph, Bollettini, Irene, Bose, Anushree, Bralten, Janita, Bramati, Ivanei E., Brandeis, Daniel, Brem, Silvia, Brennan, Brian P., Busatto, Geraldo F., Calderoni, Sara, Calvo, Anna, Calvo, Rosa, Castellanos, Francisco X., Cercignani, Mara, Chaim-Avancini, Tiffany M., Chantiluke, Kaylita C., Cheng, Yuqi, Cho, Kang Ik K., Christakou, Anastasia, Coghill, David, Conzelmann, Annette, Cubillo, Ana I., Dale, Anders M., Dallaspezia, Sara, Daly, Eileen, Denys, Damiaan, Deruelle, Christine, Di Martino, Adriana, Dinstein, Ilan, Doyle, Alysa E., Durston, Sarah, Earl, Eric A., Ecker, Christine, Ehrlich, Stefan, Ely, Benjamin A., Epstein, Jeffrey N., Ethofer, Thomas, Fair, Damien A., Fallgatter, Andreas J., Faraone, Stephen V., Fedor, Jennifer, Feng, Xin, Feusner, Jamie D., Fitzgerald, Jackie, Fitzgerald, Kate D., Fouche, Jean-Paul, Freitag, Christine M., Fridgeirsson, Egill A., Frodl, Thomas, Gabel, Matt C., Gallagher, Louise, Gogberashvili, Tinatin, Gori, Ilaria, Gruner, Patricia, Gürsel, Deniz A., Haar, Shlomi, Haavik, Jan, Hall, Geoffrey B., Harrison, Neil A., Hartman, Catharina A., Heslenfeld, Dirk J., Hirano, Yoshiyuki, Hoekstra, Pieter J., Hoexter, Marcelo Q., Hohmann, Sarah, Høvik, Marie F., Hu, Hao, Huyser, Chaim, Jahanshad, Neda, Jalbrzikowski, Maria, James, Anthony, Janssen, Joost, Jaspers-Fayer, Fern, Jernigan, Terry L., Kapilushniy, Dmitry, Kardatzki, Bernd, Karkashadze, Georgii, Kathmann, Norbert, Kaufmann, Christian, Kelly, Clare, Khadka, Sabin, King, Joseph A., Koch, Kathrin, Kohls, Gregor, Konrad, Kerstin, Kuno, Masaru, Kuntsi, Jonna, Kvale, Gerd, Kwon, Jun Soo, Lázaro, Luisa, Lera-Miguel, Sara, Lesch, Klaus-Peter, Hoekstra, Liesbeth, Liu, Yanni, Lochner, Christine, Louza, Mario R., Luna, Beatriz, Lundervold, Astri J., Malpas, Charles B., Marques, Paulo, Marsh, Rachel, Martínez-Zalacaín, Ignacio, Mataix-Cols, David, Mattos, Paulo, McCarthy, Hazel, McGrath, Jane, Mehta, Mitul A., Menchón, José M., Mennes, Maarten, Martinho, Mauricio Moller, Moreira, Pedro S., Morer, Astrid, Morgado, Pedro, Muratori, Filippo, Murphy, Clodagh M., Murphy, Declan G.M., Nakagawa, Akiko, Nakamae, Takashi, Nakao, Tomohiro, Namazova-Baranova, Leyla, Narayanaswamy, Janardhanan C., Nicolau, Rosa, Nigg, Joel T., Novotny, Stephanie E., Nurmi, Erika L., Weiss, Eileen Oberwelland, O’Gorman Tuura, Ruth L., O’Hearn, Kirsten, O’Neill, Joseph, Oosterlaan, Jaap, Oranje, Bob, Paloyelis, Yannis, Parellada, Mara, Pauli, Paul, Perriello, Chris, Piacentini, John, Piras, Fabrizio, Piras, Federica, Plessen, Kerstin J., Puig, Olga, Ramos-Quiroga, J. Antoni, Reddy, Y.C. Janardhan, Reif, Andreas, Reneman, Liesbeth, Retico, Alessandra, Rosa, Pedro G.P., Rubia, Katya, Rus, Oana Georgiana, Sakai, Yuki, Schrantee, Anouk, Schwarz, Lena, Schweren, Lizanne J.S., Seitz, Jochen, Shaw, Philip, Shook, Devon, Silk, Tim J., Simpson, H. Blair, Skokauskas, Norbert, Soliva Vila, Juan Carlos, Solovieva, Anastasia, Soreni, Noam, Soriano-Mas, Carles, Spalletta, Gianfranco, Stern, Emily R., Stevens, Michael C., Stewart, S. Evelyn, Sudre, Gustavo, Szeszko, Philip R., Tamm, Leanne, Taylor, Margot J., Tolin, David F., Tosetti, Michela, Tovar-Moll, Fernanda, Tsuchiyagaito, Aki, van Erp, Theo G.M., van Wingen, Guido A., Vance, Alasdair, Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan, Vilarroya, Oscar, Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda, von Polier, Georg G., Walitza, Susanne, Wallace, Gregory L., Wang, Zhen, Wolfers, Thomas, Yoncheva, Yuliya N., Yun, Je-Yeon, Zanetti, Marcus V., Zhou, Fengfeng, Ziegler, Georg C., Zierhut, Kathrin C., Zwiers, Marcel P., the ENIGMA ADHD working group, the ENIGMA ASD working group, the ENIGMA OCD working group, Thompson, Paul M., Stein, Dan J., Buitelaar, Jan, Franke, Barbara, van den Heuvel, Odile A.·2020·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331PMC PMC8296070

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur. The authors sought to directly compare these disorders using structural brain imaging data from ENIGMA consortium data. METHODS: -weighted whole-brain MRI data from healthy control subjects (N=5,827) and from patients with ADHD (N=2,271), ASD (N=1,777), and OCD (N=2,323) from 151 cohorts worldwide were analyzed using standardized processing protocols. The authors examined subcortical volume, cortical thickness, and cortical surface area differences within a mega-analytical framework, pooling measures extracted from each cohort. Analyses were performed separately for children, adolescents, and adults, using linear mixed-effects models adjusting for age, sex, and site (and intracranial volume for subcortical and surface area measures). RESULTS: No shared differences were found among all three disorders, and shared differences between any two disorders did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Children with ADHD compared with those with OCD had smaller hippocampal volumes, possibly influenced by IQ. Children and adolescents with ADHD also had smaller intracranial volume than control subjects and those with OCD or ASD. Adults with ASD showed thicker frontal cortices compared with adult control subjects and other clinical groups. No OCD-specific differences were observed across different age groups and surface area differences among all disorders in childhood and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings suggest robust but subtle differences across different age groups among ADHD, ASD, and OCD. ADHD-specific intracranial volume and hippocampal differences in children and adolescents, and ASD-specific cortical thickness differences in the frontal cortex in adults, support previous work emphasizing structural brain differences in these disorders.

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Authors: Boedhoe, P. S. W., van Rooij, D., Hoogman, M., Twisk, J. W. R., Schmaal, L., Abe, Y., Alonso, P., Ameis, S. H., Anikin, A., Anticevic, A., Arango, C., Arnold, P. D., Asherson, P., Assogna, F., Auzias, G., Banaschewski, T., Baranov, A., Batistuzzo, M. C., Baumeister, S., Baur-Streubel, R., Behrmann, M., Bellgrove, M. A., Benedetti, F., Beucke, J. C., Biederman, J., Bollettini, I., Bose, A., Bralten, J., Bramati, I. E., Brandeis, D., Brem, S., Brennan, B. P., Busatto, G. F., Calderoni, S., Calvo, A., Calvo, R., Castellanos, F. X., Cercignani, M., Chaim-Avancini, T. M., Chantiluke, K. C., Cheng, Y., Cho, K. I. K., Christakou, A., Coghill, D., Conzelmann, A., Cubillo, A. I., Dale, A. M., Dallaspezia, S., Daly, E., Denys, D., Deruelle, C., Di Martino, A., Dinstein, I., Doyle, A. E., Durston, S., Earl, E. A., Ecker, C., Ehrlich, S., Ely, B. A., Epstein, J. N., Ethofer, T., Fair, D. A., Fallgatter, A. J., Faraone, S. V., Fedor, J., Feng, X., Feusner, J. D., Fitzgerald, J., Fitzgerald, K. D., Fouche, J.-P., Freitag, C. M., Fridgeirsson, E. A., Frodl, T., Gabel, M. C., Gallagher, L., Gogberashvili, T., Gori, I., Gruner, P., Gürsel, D. A., Haar, S., Haavik, J., Hall, G. B., Harrison, N. A., Hartman, C. A., Heslenfeld, D. J., Hirano, Y., Hoekstra, P. J., Hoexter, M. Q., Hohmann, S., Høvik, M. F., Hu, H., Huyser, C., Jahanshad, N., Jalbrzikowski, M., James, A., Janssen, J., Jaspers-Fayer, F., Jernigan, T. L., Kapilushniy, D., Kardatzki, B., Karkashadze, G., Kathmann, N., Kaufmann, C., Kelly, C., Khadka, S., King, J. A., Koch, K., Kohls, G., Konrad, K., Kuno, M., Kuntsi, J., Kvale, G., Kwon, J. S., Lázaro, L., Lera-Miguel, S., Lesch, K.-P., Hoekstra, L., Liu, Y., Lochner, C., Louza, M. R., Luna, B., Lundervold, A. J., Malpas, C. B., Marques, P., Marsh, R., Martínez-Zalacaín, I., Mataix-Cols, D., Mattos, P., McCarthy, H., McGrath, J., Mehta, M. A., Menchón, J. M., Mennes, M., Martinho, M. M., Moreira, P. S., Morer, A., Morgado, P., Muratori, F., Murphy, C. M., Murphy, D. G. M., Nakagawa, A., Nakamae, T., Nakao, T., Namazova-Baranova, L., Narayanaswamy, J. C., Nicolau, R., Nigg, J. T., Novotny, S. E., Nurmi, E. L., Weiss, E. O., O’Gorman Tuura, R. L., O’Hearn, K., O’Neill, J., Oosterlaan, J., Oranje, B., Paloyelis, Y., Parellada, M., Pauli, P., Perriello, C., Piacentini, J., Piras, F., Piras, F., Plessen, K. J., Puig, O., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Reddy, Y. C. J., Reif, A., Reneman, L., Retico, A., Rosa, P. G. P., Rubia, K., Rus, O. G., Sakai, Y., Schrantee, A., Schwarz, L., Schweren, L. J. S., Seitz, J., Shaw, P., Shook, D., Silk, T. J., Simpson, H. B., Skokauskas, N., Soliva Vila, J. C., Solovieva, A., Soreni, N., Soriano-Mas, C., Spalletta, G., Stern, E. R., Stevens, M. C., Stewart, S. E., Sudre, G., Szeszko, P. R., Tamm, L., Taylor, M. J., Tolin, D. F., Tosetti, M., Tovar-Moll, F., Tsuchiyagaito, A., van Erp, T. G. M., van Wingen, G. A., Vance, A., Venkatasubramanian, G., Vilarroya, O., Vives-Gilabert, Y., von Polier, G. G., Walitza, S., Wallace, G. L., Wang, Z., Wolfers, T., Yoncheva, Y. N., Yun, J.-Y., Zanetti, M. V., Zhou, F., Ziegler, G. C., Zierhut, K. C., Zwiers, M. P., the ENIGMA ADHD working group, the ENIGMA ASD working group, the ENIGMA OCD working group, Thompson, P. M., Stein, D. J., Buitelaar, J., Franke, B., & van den Heuvel, O. A.
Affiliations: The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in .
ORCID: Hoogman, Martine
Twisk, Jos W.R.
Schmaal, Lianne
Abe, Yoshinari
Alonso, Pino
Ameis, Stephanie H.
Anticevic, Alan
Arango, Celso
Arnold, Paul D.
Asherson, Philip
Assogna, Francesca
Auzias, Guillaume
Banaschewski, Tobias
Batistuzzo, Marcelo C.
Baumeister, Sarah
Behrmann, Marlene
Bellgrove, Mark A.
Benedetti, Francesco
Beucke, Jan C.
Biederman, Joseph
Bollettini, Irene
Bose, Anushree
Bralten, Janita
Bramati, Ivanei E.
Brem, Silvia
Brennan, Brian P.
Busatto, Geraldo F.
Calderoni, Sara
Calvo, Rosa
Castellanos, Francisco X.
Cercignani, Mara
Chantiluke, Kaylita C.
Cheng, Yuqi
Cho, Kang Ik K.
Christakou, Anastasia
Coghill, David
Conzelmann, Annette
Cubillo, Ana I.
Dale, Anders M.
Dallaspezia, Sara
Daly, Eileen
Denys, Damiaan
Deruelle, Christine
Dinstein, Ilan
Doyle, Alysa E.
Earl, Eric A.
Ecker, Christine
Ehrlich, Stefan
Ely, Benjamin A.
Epstein, Jeffrey N.
Ethofer, Thomas
Fair, Damien A.
Fallgatter, Andreas J.
Faraone, Stephen V.
Fedor, Jennifer
Feusner, Jamie D.
Fitzgerald, Kate D.
Freitag, Christine M.
Fridgeirsson, Egill A.
Frodl, Thomas
Gabel, Matt C.
Gallagher, Louise
Gogberashvili, Tinatin
Gori, Ilaria
Gruner, Patricia
Haar, Shlomi
Haavik, Jan
Hall, Geoffrey B.
Harrison, Neil A.
Hartman, Catharina A.
Hirano, Yoshiyuki
Hoekstra, Pieter J.
Hoexter, Marcelo Q.
Hohmann, Sarah
Hu, Hao
Huyser, Chaim
Jahanshad, Neda
Jalbrzikowski, Maria
James, Anthony
Janssen, Joost
Jernigan, Terry L.
Kathmann, Norbert
Kaufmann, Christian
Kelly, Clare
King, Joseph A.
Koch, Kathrin
Kohls, Gregor
Konrad, Kerstin
Kuno, Masaru
Kuntsi, Jonna
Kvale, Gerd
Kwon, Jun Soo
Lázaro, Luisa
Lesch, Klaus-Peter
Liu, Yanni
Lundervold, Astri J.
Malpas, Charles B.
Marques, Paulo
Marsh, Rachel
McGrath, Jane
Mehta, Mitul A.
Menchón, José M.
Mennes, Maarten
Moreira, Pedro S.
Morgado, Pedro
Muratori, Filippo
Murphy, Declan G.M.
Nakamae, Takashi
Nakao, Tomohiro
Namazova-Baranova, Leyla
Narayanaswamy, Janardhanan C.
Nicolau, Rosa
Nigg, Joel T.
Nurmi, Erika L.
O’Hearn, Kirsten
O’Neill, Joseph
Oosterlaan, Jaap
Oranje, Bob
Paloyelis, Yannis
Parellada, Mara
Pauli, Paul
Perriello, Chris
Piacentini, John
Piras, Fabrizio
Piras, Federica
Plessen, Kerstin J.
Puig, Olga
Reddy, Y.C. Janardhan
Reif, Andreas
Reneman, Liesbeth
Retico, Alessandra
Rubia, Katya
Sakai, Yuki
Schrantee, Anouk
Schweren, Lizanne J.S.
Seitz, Jochen
Shaw, Philip
Simpson, H. Blair
Skokauskas, Norbert
Soreni, Noam
Spalletta, Gianfranco
Stern, Emily R.
Stevens, Michael C.
Stewart, S. Evelyn
Sudre, Gustavo
Szeszko, Philip R.
Tamm, Leanne
Taylor, Margot J.
Tolin, David F.
Tosetti, Michela
Tovar-Moll, Fernanda
Tsuchiyagaito, Aki
Vance, Alasdair
Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan
Walitza, Susanne
Wallace, Gregory L.
Wang, Zhen
Wolfers, Thomas
Yoncheva, Yuliya N.
Yun, Je-Yeon
Zanetti, Marcus V.
Zhou, Fengfeng
Ziegler, Georg C.
Zwiers, Marcel P.
Thompson, Paul M.
Stein, Dan J.
Buitelaar, Jan
Franke, Barbara
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2020-09-01
Volume: 177
Issue: 9
Pages: 834-843
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331
PMC: PMC8296070
OpenAlex: W3034761030
Cited by: 201
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 10
FWCI: 20.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl
Licence: other-oa
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
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PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
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mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
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Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Funders: National Science Foundation (FP7/2007-2013)
U.S. Department of Defense
Autism Speaks
Dana Foundation
Eli Lilly and Company
Sanofi
Massachusetts General Hospital
Yale University
Oregon Health and Science University
Leon Levy Foundation (R01MH083246)
George Washington University
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen
Johns Hopkins University
University of Cincinnati
Fundació la Marató de TV3 (01/2010, 091710)
Ontario Brain Institute
Fondation Brain Canada
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP18dm0307002)
National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (667302, R01MH085328, 728018, 602805, R01MH083246, U01MH099059)
Wellcome Trust
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Research Institute
Children's Hospital Foundation
BC Children's Hospital
Alva Foundation
Murdoch Children's Research Institute (1065895)
Royal Children's Hospital Foundation
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
Amsterdam University Medical Centers
Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino
York University
Michael Smith Health Research BC
Tenovus
King's College London (278948)
University of Oxford
European Commission (EU-FP7, 643051, 602450, 2007–2013, Eat2beNICE, FP7 2007-2013, 278948, HORIZON2020, 728018, FP7/2007, 667302, 260576, 327340, 602805)
National Research Foundation
Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (BT/06/IYBA/2012., 500236/ Z/11/Z)
Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (IFA 12-LSBM 26, /PR13334/Med/30/259/2009, SR/S0/HS/0016/2011, IFA-12)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (RE1632/5‐1, TRR‐58, KFO125, 602805, FP7/2007–2013, Eat2beNICE, 728018, 667302, ET 112/5-1, SFB TRR 58)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (25461732, 22591262, 16K10253)
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FP7/2007-2013, 32362, 130237, 136249, 113601)
University of Melbourne
National Natural Science Foundation of China (13dz2260500, FP7/2007-2013, 81371340, FP7/2007, R01MH083246)
ZonMw (60-60600-97-193, 917.15.318, 056-13-015, 60600, 433-09-242)
Universiteit van Amsterdam (11.32050.26)
Radboud Universiteit
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (433-09-242, FP7/2007-2013, 278948, 056-13-015)
Seoul National University (FP7/2007-2013)
Generalitat de Catalunya (2017-SGR)
Ministero della Salute (RC13-14-15-16-17-18A)
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (602805, 433‐09‐242, 175.010.2007.010, FP7 2007-2013, 05613015, 602450, 728018, 916.86.036, NWO/ZonMW Vidi 917.15.318, 278948, 60600, 667302, R01MH083246, 917-15-318, 60-60600-97-193)
Accare
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PI12/01139, PI14/, PI14/00419, PI16/, FI17/00294, SAF2012‐32362, PI040829, PI13/01958, PI16/00889, PI12/, CPII16/00048, SAF2012)
Provincial Health Services Authority
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (01/2010)
Shire
Stavros Niarchos Foundation (R01MH083246)
State Government of Victoria
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Universitetet i Bergen
Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
Universidade de São Paulo
Hospital for Sick Children
Radboud Universitair Medisch Centrum
Universität Zürich
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental
European College of Neuropsychopharmacology
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Chiba University
The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance (500236/Z/11/Z)
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
H. Lundbeck A/S
Collier Charitable Fund (384419, 569533)
National Institutes of Health (5r01mh099064-05, 1065895, FP7/2007-2013, 5k23mh104515-05, 1008522, 1750102007010, 5t32mh067763-10, R21TR003103, 5r01mh107419-05, KL2TR000069, UL1TR000067, RR15241, MH099064, HD24061, P41 RR15241, T32MH67763, EB020403, RR-00052, UL1TR001863)
School of Medicine, New York University
Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (HD-24061)
University of California, Irvine
College of Medicine, Seoul National University
Laureate Institute for Brain Research, University of Tulsa
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (U01MH099059)
Medical Research Council (FP7/20072013, EU FP7)
National Health and Medical Research Council (384419, 384419 and 569533, 1065895, 569533, 1008522)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18K15523)
Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2017SGR, 2017 SGR 881)
Universitat Politècnica de València
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI16/, CPII16/00048, PI12/01139, PI13/01958, PI11/, PI14/, PI16/00950, 728018, PI040829, FI17/00294, PI16/00889, FP7/2007-2013, Marató de TV3, PI14/00419, 00048)
European Regional Development Fund (CPII16/00048, 667302, FP7/2007‐2013, FI17/00294, 2007 – 2013, PI13/01958, PI16/00889, 728018, PI16/00950)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH 62873, R01MH111794, K23MH087770, R01-MH099064, R21MH101441, K23MH092397, R01MH085900, K99MH091238, R01MH115357, MH115357, R01MH094639, R21MH093889, R01MH081803, R01MH081864, K23-MH104515, R01 MH86654, K23MH115206, R01MH083246, R01MH085328, R01MH062873, R00MH091238, R33MH107589, M01 RR00052, R01MH078160, T32MH-067763, U01MH099059, R01MH086654, K23MH082176, R61MH121640, MH099064, L40 MH098392, T32MH073517, R01-MH107419)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (HHSN271200800009C, U01DA041148)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS048527)
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U54EB020403)
National Center for Research Resources (P41RR015241, M01RR000052)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR000067/KL2TR00069)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD024061)
Cilag
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, neurodevelopmental disorders, subcortical volume, cortical thickness, cortical surface area, hippocampal volume, intracranial volume, frontal cortex, structural brain differences, mega-analysis, age differences
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Human Development, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Organ Size, Psychopathology, Systems Analysis, Cerebrum, Research Report, Neuroimaging

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