The behavioral spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder consisting of multiple motor and one or more vocal/phonic tics. Tourette's syndrome is increasingly recognized as a common neuropsychiatric disorder usually diagnosed in early childhood, and comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders occur in approximately 90% of patients; the most common of these are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depression is also common, with a lifetime risk of 10% of patients. Moreover, a high prevalence of personality disorders has been reported in preliminary investigations on Tourette's syndrome populations. This paper provides an updated review of the literature on the multifaceted phenotype of Tourette's syndrome, with special attention to the behavioral problems and the relationship between Tourette's syndrome and comorbid neuropsychiatric conditions. The issue of whether Tourette's syndrome should still be considered as a unitary nosological entity is also addressed.
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There are high co-occurrence rates of both ADHD and autism with TS, with estimates ranging from 60 to 80% for people with ADHD and 6.5-50% for autistic people.
“For example, there are high co-occurrence rates of both ADHD and autism with TS, with estimates ranging from 60 to 80% for people with ADHD and 6.5–50% for autistic people (24).”
From Joint Hypermobility Links Neurodivergence to Dysautonomia and Pain (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
The Behavioral Spectrum of Tourette's Syndrome section reports that 60%–80% of people with Tourette's syndrome have comorbid ADHD; it does not give the proportion of people with ADHD who have TS. The passages in our copy addressing comorbidity do not report an autism co-occurrence rate or the claimed 6.5%–50% range. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Cavanna, A. E., Servo, S., Monaco, F., & Robertson, M. M.
- Affiliations
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-23
- ISSN
- 0895-0172 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-7222
- OpenAlex
- W2099783393
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 27.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuropsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- Tourette syndrome, tics, comorbidities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, personality disorders, behavioral problems, nosological entity, neurodevelopmental disorders
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Personality Disorders, Phenotype, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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