A Swedish National Twin Study of Lifetime Major Depression
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Substantial evidence supports the heritability of lifetime major depression. Less clear is whether genetic influences in major depression are more important in women than in men and whether genetic risk factors are the same in the two sexes. It is not known whether genetic effects on major depression are constant across historical cohorts. METHOD: Lifetime major depression was assessed at personal interview by modified DSM-IV criteria in 42,161 twins, including 15,493 complete pairs, from the national Swedish Twin Registry. Twin models were evaluated by using the program Mx. RESULTS: Model fitting indicated that the heritability of liability to major depression was significantly higher in women (42%) than men (29%) and the genetic risk factors for major depression were moderately correlated in men and women. No significant differences were seen in the etiologic roles of genetic and environmental factors in major depression in three cohorts spanning birth years 1900-1958. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest sample to date, lifetime major depression was moderately heritable, with estimates similar to those in prior studies. In accord with some but not other previous investigations, this study suggests both that the heritability of major depression is higher in women than in men and that some genetic risk factors for major depression are sex-specific in their effect. No evidence was found for differences in the roles of genetic and environmental risk factors in major depression in birth cohorts spanning nearly six decades.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Genetic factors partially mediate the risk for major depressive disorder.
“It is well established that the risk for MDD is partially mediated by genetic factors.”
From Epigenetics and depression (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
The risk for major depression is both genetically and environmentally determined.
“The risk for major depression is both genetically and environmentally determined.”
From Epigenetics and depression (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
A large Swedish twin study estimated the heritability of MDD to be approximately 37%, consistent with previous estimates.
“A large twin study in a Swedish population estimated the heritability of MDD to be approximately 37%, which is consistent with estimates made in previous studies.”
From Epigenetics and depression (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Cites
Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Lahiff, M., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289883 · Cited by 17,384 · see citing works
Akaike, H. (1987) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294359 · Cited by 5,264 · see citing works
Akaike, H. (1987) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1694-0_29 · Cited by 4,027 · see citing works
Genetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis
Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552 · Cited by 3,431 · see citing works
Self-citationThe world health organization composite international diagnostic interview short-form (CIDI-SF)
Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Mroczek, D., Ustun, B., & Wittchen, H. (1998) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.47 · Cited by 2,242 · see citing works
Evidence-based health policy—lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study
Murray, C. J. L., & Lopez, A. D. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5288.740 · Cited by 2,178 · see citing works
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID)
Williams, J. B. W. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080038006 · Cited by 1,627 · see citing works
The Swedish Twin Registry: a unique resource for clinical, epidemiological and genetic studies
Lichtenstein, P., Fairé, U. D., Floderus, B., Svartengren, M., Svedberg, P., & Pedersen, N. L. (2002) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01032.x · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Self-citationA Longitudinal Twin Study of Personality and Major Depression in Women
Kendler, K. S. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820230023002 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychopathology in Women and Men: Focus on Female Hormones
Seeman, M. V. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.12.1641 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
A Hospital-Based Twin Register of the Heritability of DSM-IV Unipolar Depression
McGuffin, P. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830020047006 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C., Neale, M. C., & Prescott, C. A. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701003907 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationThe genetics of mood disorders
Tsuang, M. T., & Faraone, S. V. (1990) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Overview: a current perspective on twin studies of schizophrenia
Kendler, K. S. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.11.1413 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroticism, major depression and gender: a population-based twin study
Fanous, A. H., GARDNER, C. O., Prescott, C. A., Cancro, R., & Kendler, K. S. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170200541x · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationStability of Psychiatric Diagnoses
Rice, J. P. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100068012 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Parsimony‐based fit indices for multiple‐indicator models: Do they work?
Williams, L. J., & Holahan, P. J. (1994) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519409539970 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Bierut, L. J. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.557 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Tobacco Consumption in Swedish Twins Reared Apart and Reared Together
Kendler, K. S., Thornton, L. M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.886 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationWELLS, J. E., & HORWOOD, L. J. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703001843 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Kendler, K. S. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830140090015 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationPredisposition Locus for Major Depression at Chromosome 12q22-12q23.2
Abkevich, V., Camp, N. J., Hensel, C. H., Neff, C. D., Russell, D. L., Hughes, D. C., Plenk, A. M., Lowry, M. R., Richards, R. L., Carter, C., et al. (2003) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/379978 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
A Registry-Based Twin Study of Depression in Men
Lyons, M. J., Eisen, S. A., Goldberg, J. H., True, W., Lin, N., Meyer, J. M., Toomey, R., Faraone, S. V., Merla-Ramos, M., & Tsuang, M. T. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.468 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Fullerton, J. M., Cubin, M., Tiwari, H. K., Wang, C., Bomhra, A., Davidson, S. I., Miller, S., Fairburn, C. G., Goodwin, G. M., Neale, M. C., et al. (2003) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/374178 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Social Psychological Aspects of Reporting Behavior: Lifetime Depressive Episode Reports
Aneshensel, C. S., Estrada, A. L., Hansell, M. J., & Clark, V. A. (1987) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136843 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Kendler, K. S. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820210033004 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationKendler, K. S., Pedersen, N. L., Neale, M. C., & Mathé, A. A. (1995) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf02197180 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationGenomewide Significant Linkage to Recurrent, Early-Onset Major Depressive Disorder on Chromosome 15q
Holmans, P., Zubenko, G. S., Crowe, R., DePaulo, J. R., Scheftner, W. A., Weissman, M. M., Zubenko, W. N., Boutelle, S., Murphy-Eberenz, K. P., MacKinnon, D. F., et al. (2004) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/421333 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Lifetime prevalence and age of onset of psychiatric disorders: Recall 4 years later
Prusoff, B. A., Merikangas, K. R., & Weissman, M. M. (1988) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(88)90075-1 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
McGue, M. K., & Christensen, K. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.3.439 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Nash, M. W. (2004) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddh239 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Kendler, K. S., Silberg, J. L., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700032761 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationGender differences in heritability of depressive symptoms in the elderly
JANSSON, M., Gatz, M., BERG, S., JOHANSSON, B., Malmberg, B., McClearn, G. E., Schalling, M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703001375 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationFoley, D. L., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798006977 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationKendler, K. S., GARDNER, C. O., & Prescott, C. A. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701003798 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSex differences in affective disorder: Genetic transmission
Faraone, S. V., Lyons, M. J., Tsuang, M. T., & Rao, D. C. (1987) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.1370040503 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fennig, S., Schwartz, J. E., & Bromet, E. J. (1994) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(94)90075-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mania in the Swedish Twin Registry: Criterion Validity and Prevalence
Soldani, F., Sullivan, P. F., & Pedersen, N. L. (2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2005.01559.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fiske, A., Wetherell, J. L., & Gatz, M. (2009) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621 · Cited by 2,353 · see citing works
Self-citationBelmaker, R. H., & Agam, G. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra073096 · Cited by 2,166 · see citing works
The Genetics of Major Depression
Flint, J., & Kendler, K. S. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.027 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Self-citationWeinberger, A. H., Gbedemah, M., Martinez, A. M., Nash, D., Galea, S., & Goodwin, R. D. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717002781 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Personality and Major Depression: A Swedish Longitudinal, Population-Based Twin Study
Kendler, K. S., Gatz, M., Gardner, C. O., & Pedersen, N. L. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.10.1113 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic stress, cognitive functioning and mental health
Marin, M.-F., Lord, C., Andrews, J., Juster, R.-P., Sindi, S., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Fiocco, A. J., & Lupien, S. J. (2011) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.02.016 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
The inflammasome: Pathways linking psychological stress, depression, and systemic illnesses
Iwata, M., Ota, K. T., & Duman, R. S. (2013) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.12.008 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Can neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V?
Hyman, S. E. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2218 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Verhagen, M., van der Meij, A., van Deurzen, P. A. M., Janzing, J. G. E., Arias-Vásquez, A., Buitelaar, J. K., & Franke, B. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.109 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Epigenetics of Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders and Gene × Environment Interactions
Klengel, T., & Binder, E. B. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.036 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Johansson, R., Carlbring, P., Heedman, Å., Paxling, B., & Andersson, G. (2013) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.98 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Sex Differences in the Pathways to Major Depression: A Study of Opposite-Sex Twin Pairs
Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13101375 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Self-citationThe behavioral spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
Cavanna, A. E., Servo, S., Monaco, F., & Robertson, M. M. (2009) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.2009.21.1.13 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Kim, J.-M., Stewart, R., Kim, S.-W., Yang, S.-J., Shin, I.-S., Kim, Y.-H., & Yoon, J.-S. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.020 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Penner-Goeke, S., & Binder, E. B. (2019) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2019.21.4/ebinder · Cited by 254 · see citing works
A population-based twin study of functional somatic syndromes
Kato, K., Sullivan, P. F., Evengård, B., & Pedersen, N. L. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003784 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationOldehinkel, A. J., & Bouma, E. M. C. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.013 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Nivard, M. G., Dolan, C. V., Kendler, K. S., Kan, K.-J., Willemsen, G., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Lindauer, R. J. L., van Beek, J. H. D. A., Geels, L. M., Bartels, M., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171400213x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationSex Differences in the Heritability of Resilience
Boardman, J. D., Blalock, C. L., & Button, T. M. M. (2008) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.11.1.12 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Arloth, J., Bogdan, R., Weber, P., Frishman, G., Menke, A., Wagner, K. V., Balsevich, G., Schmidt, M. V., Karbalai, N., Czamara, D., et al. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.034 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationGABAergic Control of Depression-Related Brain States
Luscher, B., & Fuchs, T. (2015) · Advances in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2014.11.003 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Blanco, C., Okuda, M., Markowitz, J. C., Liu, S.-M., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.09m05663gry · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Banasr, M., Lepack, A., Fee, C., Duric, V., Maldonado-Aviles, J., DiLeone, R., Sibille, E., Duman, R. S., & Sanacora, G. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017720459 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Hing, B., Sathyaputri, L., & Potash, J. B. (2018) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32616 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Lüscher, B., & Möhler, H. (2019) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.18758.1 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
How adversity gets under the skin
Hyman, S. E. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0309-241 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Genetic contributions to behavioural diversity at the gene-environment interface
Bendesky, A., & Bargmann, C. I. (2011) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3065 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
P2X7 Receptor: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Depression?
Deussing, J. M., & Arzt, E. (2018) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2018.07.005 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Taliaz, D., Spinrad, A., Barzilay, R., Barnett-Itzhaki, Z., Averbuch, D., Teltsh, O., Schurr, R., Darki-Morag, S., & Lerer, B. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01488-3 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Chen, L., Miao, Z., & Xu, X. (2017) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.184 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Delineation of Two Genetic Pathways to Major Depression
Kendler, K. S., Fiske, A., Gardner, C. O., & Gatz, M. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.015 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic liability to disability pension in women and men: a prospective population-based twin study
Narusyte, J., Ropponen, A., Silventoinen, K., Alexanderson, K., Kaprio, J., Samuelsson, Å., & Svedberg, P. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023143 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Genetics of Major Depression
Flint, J., & Kendler, K. S. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.033 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“One particularly large-sample twin study of MD estimated the heritability of MD at 38% (Kendler et al., 2006).”
Self-citationUsing the tools of genetic epidemiology to understand sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders
Merikangas, A. K., & Almasy, L. (2020) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12660 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
DNA Modification Study of Major Depressive Disorder: Beyond Locus-by-Locus Comparisons
Oh, G., Wang, S.-C., Pal, M., Chen, Z. F., Khare, T., Tochigi, M., Ng, C., Yang, Y. A., Kwan, A., Kaminsky, Z. A., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.016 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Early life trauma, depression and the glucocorticoid receptor gene—An epigenetic perspective
Smart, C., Strathdee, G., Watson, S., Murgatroyd, C., & McAllister-Williams, R. H. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001555 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Frokjaer, V. G., Vinberg, M., Erritzoe, D., Baaré, W., Holst, K. K., Mortensen, E. L., Arfan, H., Madsen, J., Jernigan, T. L., Kessing, L. V., et al. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.218 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Langenecker, S. A., Jenkins, L. M., Stange, J. P., Chang, Y.-S., DelDonno, S. R., Bessette, K. L., Passarotti, A. M., Bhaumik, R., Ajilore, O., & Jacobs, R. H. (2018) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.10.004 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Approximately 50–70% of those with a history (h) of MDD will experience a recurrence (Greden, 2004; Klerman and Weissman, 1992; Levinson et al., 2007; Kendler et al., 2006).”
Lehtola, S. J., Tuulari, J. J., Scheinin, N. M., Karlsson, L., Parkkola, R., Merisaari, H., Lewis, J. D., Fonov, V. S., Louis Collins, D., Evans, A., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102380 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Comprehensive Gene- and Pathway-Based Analysis of Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults
Nho, K., Ramanan, V. K., Horgusluoglu, E., Kim, S., Inlow, M. H., Risacher, S. L., McDonald, B. C., Farlow, M. R., Foroud, T. M., Gao, S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-148009 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Lahti, J., Ala-Mikkula, H., Kajantie, E., Haljas, K., Eriksson, J. G., & Räikkönen, K. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.022 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Well-being and ill-being: shared environments, shared genes?
Nes, R. B., Czajkowski, N., R⊘ysamb, E., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., & Tambs, K. (2008) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760802399323 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Longitudinal associations between glucocorticoid receptor methylation and late-life depression
Kang, H.-J., Bae, K.-Y., Kim, S.-W., Shin, I.-S., Kim, H.-R., Shin, M.-G., Yoon, J.-S., & Kim, J.-M. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.02.004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gene-environment interplay in depressive symptoms: Moderation by age, sex, and physical illness
Petkus, A. J., Beam, C. R., Johnson, W., Kaprio, J., Korhonen, T., McGue, M., Neiderhiser, J. M., Pedersen, N. L., Reynolds, C. A., Gatz, M., et al. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717000290 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationA population based family study of symptoms of anxiety and depression
Czajkowski, N., Røysamb, E., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., & Tambs, K. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ksinan, A. J., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.085 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
BDNF promoter methylation and genetic variation in late-life depression
Januar, V, Ancelin, M.-L., Ritchie, K., Saffery, R., & Ryan, J. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.114 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kendler, K. S., Gatz, M., Gardner, C. O., & Pedersen, N. L.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2006-01-01
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109-114
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2159123213
- Cited by
- 794
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 22.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG 08724, R01AG008724)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-49492, R01MH049492)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, heritability, genetic risk factors, sex differences, environmental risk factors, lifetime depression, birth cohort, twin studies, Swedish Twin Registry
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Diseases in Twins, Genetic Testing, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Registries, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Sweden, Cohort Studies, Sex Distribution, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
