Reliability and Validity of a Brief Patient-Report Instrument for Psychiatric Outcome Evaluation
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors describe the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-32), a brief patient-report measure for psychiatric outcome assessment, and present the measure's factor structure and reliability and validity data. METHODS: Using the BASIS-32, interviews were conducted with a total of 387 patients shortly after their admission to the adult inpatient services of a private not-for-profit psychiatric hospital. Six months after admission, they received a follow-up questionnaire version of the instrument. RESULTS: Factor analysis of the instrument yielded five factors, on which subscales were based: relation to self and others, daily living and role functioning, depression and anxiety, impulsive and addictive behavior, and psychosis. Internal consistency of the subscales ranged from .63 to .80. Internal consistency of the full 32-item scale was .89. Test-retest reliability ranged from .65 to .81 for the five subscales. Concurrent and discriminant validity analyses indicated that the BASIS-32 ratings successfully discriminated patients hospitalized six months after admission from those living in the community, patients working at follow-up from those not working, and patients with particular diagnoses. Follow-up ratings indicated that the BASIS-32 is sensitive to changes in symptomatology and functioning. CONCLUSIONS: The BASIS-32 provides a brief, standardized assessment of symptoms and problems from the patient's perspective. The instrument can be used for outcome assessment with most psychiatric inpatients.
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In general psychiatry, multidimensional monitoring and outcomes instruments with demonstrated reliability and validity such as BASIS-32 and OQ-45 exist.
“In general psychiatry, multidimensional monitoring and outcomes instruments with demonstrated reliability and validity such as the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-32; Eisen, Dill, & Grob, 1994; Eisen, Wilcox, Leff, Schaefer, & Culhane, 1999) and the Outcome Questionnaire-45 [OQ-45; Lambert et al., 1996, and its very brief alternative, the single dimenision Outcome Rating Scale (OR”
From Development and initial evaluation of the Brief Addiction Monitor (BAM) (2013) · cites this paper as Eisen, Dill, & Grob, 1994
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“Comorbid psychopathology was measured using the depression/anxiety subscale of the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-32).(13)”
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Roy‐Byrne, P., Dagadakis, C. S., Ries, R. K., Decker, K., Jones, R. N., Ma, B., Scher, M. E., Brinkley, J., Gallagher, M. S., & Dl, P. (1995) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.46.4.347 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Review and Analysis of Routine Outcome Measures for Forensic Mental Health Services
Shinkfield, G., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2014) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2014.939788 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Trauer, T., & Tobias, G. (2004) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1023/b:comh.0000026995.17908.06 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The finding of lower scores than Eisen et al. (1999) is probably because the predominant diagnosis in that study was depression, and only 12% of their sample were suffering from a psychotic disorder. It has been shown elsewhere (Eisen, Dill & Grob 1994) that, on average, consumers with depressive disorders score highe…”
BackgroundResultManaged Mental Health Care: Intentional Misdiagnosis of Mental Disorders
Braun, S. A., & Cox, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00364.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Counseling outcomes can be measured by the Global Assessment of Functioning scale, which is included as an axis within the DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000), and The Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale32, developed by Eisen, Dill, and Grob (1994).”
MethodA Dual Diagnosis Demonstration Project: Treatment Outcomes and Cost Analysis
Judd, P. H., Thomas, N. R., Schwartz, T. A., Outcalt, A., & Hough, R. L. (2003) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2003.10400513 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stewart, G., Sara, G. E., Harris, M., Waghorn, G., Hall, A. M., Sivarajasingam, S., Gladman, B., & Mowry, B. J. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048670903487175 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mitchell, R., Roberts, R., Bartsch, D. R., & Sullivan, T. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22744 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Introducing the routine use of outcomes measurement to mental health services
Callaly, T., & Hallebone, A. P. E. L. (2001) · Australian Health Review · doi:10.1071/ah010043 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“• The Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-32); a 32-item consumer rated inventory (Eisen et al. 1994).”
MethodRusso, J. E., Roy‐Byrne, P., Jaffe, C., Ries, R. K., Dagadakis, C. S., Dwyer-O’Connor, E., & Reeder, D. (1997) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/bf02898514 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“(2) Daily Living and Role Functioning--patients with greater difficulty should”
BackgroundReliability and Validity of the Interview and Self-Report Versions of the BASIS-32
Klinkenberg, W. D., Cho, D. W., & Vieweg, B. W. (1998) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.49.9.1229 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Klein, A. A., Slaymaker, V. J., Dugosh, K. L., & McKay, J. R. (2011) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2011.07.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Do therapists self-disclose more to clients with greater symptomatology?
Kelly, A. E., & Rodriguez, R. R. (2007) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.44.4.470 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Further validation of the Client Assessment of Strengths Interests and Goals
Lecomte, T., Wallace, C. J., Caron, J., Perreault, M., & Lecomte, J. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00496-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale-32 (BASIS-32; Eisen et al., 1994), for example, includes only the consumer’s perspective, and its factor analytically derived scales are difficult to interpret for planning and evaluating treatment.”
BackgroundMethodA review of screening, assessment and outcome measures for drug and alcohol settings.
Deady, M. (2009) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Correlates of vocational recovery for persons with schizophrenia
Russinova, Z. L., Wewiorski, N. J., Lyass, A., Rogers, E. S., & Massaro, J. M. (2002) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/0954026021000016941 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Psychiatric symptomatology measured with the BASIS-32 also did not correlate with any of the vocational outcome variables.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRise, M. B., Eriksen, L., Grimstad, H., & Steinsbekk, A. (2015) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.07.016 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ghaemi, S. N. (1997) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19971201-07 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Stinchfield, R. D., Winters, K. C., Botzet, A. M., Jerstad, S. J., & Breyer, J. L. (2007) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.21.2.174 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The reading level of the GTAQ is sixth grade, computed using Fry’s (1977) Readability Graph.”
MethodClassifying Socially-Valued Role Functioning Among Community Residents with Psychiatric Disorders
Waghorn, G., Chant, D. C., & King, R. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15487760701508318 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Clements, K. M., Murphy, J. M., Eisen, S. V., & Normand, S. T. (2006) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-006-0066-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationImplementing outcome systems: Lessons from a test of the BASIS-32 and the SF-36
Eisen, S. V., Leff, H. S., & Schaefer, E. (1999) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/bf02287791 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of Subjective Distress by Patients' Self-Report versus Structured Interview
Eisen, S. V. (1995) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.1.35 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationMoljord, I. E. O., Lara‐Cabrera, M. L., Salvesen, Ø. O., Rise, M. B., Bjørgen, D., Antonsen, D. Ø., Olsø, T. M., Evensen, G. H., Gudde, C. B., Linaker, O. M., et al. (2017) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2017.01.008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ansari, W. E., & Oskrochi, G. (2004) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2004.09.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In this study, the questionnaire’s reliability was measured by Cronbach’s Alpha, which is appropriate for assessing the internal consistency of the subscales (Eisen et al., 1994).”
MethodTranslation And Cultural Adaptation Of A Mental Health Outcome Measure: The Basis-R©
Cortés, D. E., Gerena, M., CANINO, G. J., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Febo, V., Magaña, C. G., Soto, J. L., & Eisen, S. V. (2007) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-006-9043-x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Positive and Negative Symptoms Questionnaire: a self-report scale in schizophrenia
Iancu, I., Poreh, A., Lehman, B., Shamir, E. Z., & Kotler, M. (2004) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.014 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pinals, D. A., Gaba, A., Clary, K. M., Barber, J., Reiss, J., & Smelson, D. A. (2019) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800570 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hawthorne, W. B., Green, E., Lohr, J. B., Hough, R. L., & Smith, P. G. (1999) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.50.3.401 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Measuring treatment outcome for adults and adolescents: Reliability and validity of BASIS-32
Hoffmann, F. L., Capelli, K., & Mastrianni, X. (1997) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/bf02832665 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The relationship of tobacco use with gambling problem severity and gambling treatment outcome
Odlaug, B. L., Stinchfield, R., Golberstein, E., & Grant, J. E. (2013) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0029812 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Life in Patients Submitted to Electroconvulsive Therapy
Antunes, P., & Fleck, M. P. D. A. (2009) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0b013e318190b2a9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-32).(18) It is a self-administered instrument, which measures psychopathology in general.”
Background
- Authors
- Eisen, S. V., Dill, D. L., & Grob, M. C.
- Affiliations
- McLean Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Eisen, Susan V.
- Venue
- Psychiatric Services
- Published
- 1994-03
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 242-247
- ISSN
- 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-2730
- 1557-9700
- OpenAlex
- W1974461787
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 7.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- patient-reported outcome measures, psychiatric inpatients, factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, discriminant validity, anxiety and depression, psychosis, role functioning, post-discharge follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Substance-Related Disorders
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