An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder
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Background and methods Factors contributing to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid major depression (MDD) were investigated among female victims of intimate partner violence (IPV).Results High levels of PTSD (75% of the sample) and MDD (54% of the sample) were observed. Individuals with both PTSD and MDD reported significantly greater levels of PTSD and depression symptoms than individuals with either PTSD alone or without major psychopathology. Individuals with comorbid PTSD and MDD had more maladaptive depressogenic cognitive styles than individuals without PTSD. The three groups were comparable in terms of pre-abuse mental health, childhood trauma history, and relationship violence variables and injuries. Maladaptive schemas did not contribute to the identification of comorbidity caseness, whereas PTSD severity and prior trauma did. Psychological aggression by an abuser and PTSD severity accounted for 52% of the variance in depressive symptoms.Limitations Cross-sectional design and lack of trauma-specific cognitive measures.Conclusions The findings confirm that comorbid PTSD and MDD is common among IPV victims. The mechanisms that contribute to comorbid depression, however, are unclear, and prospective studies are necessary to delineate the roles that psychological abuse, PTSD severity and prior trauma experiences may have in the development of depression following IPV.
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Of 37 additional studies on depression, 29 found a significant association between psychological violence and depression.
“Another 37 studies examined the association between psychological violence and depression; twenty-nine of the identified studies found a significant association [13, 34, 35, 39, 42, 45–47, 49, 53–73], while five studies found a non-significant association [50, 74–77].”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- Nixon, R. D. V., Resick, P. A., & Nishith, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri–St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nixon, Reginald D.V.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 315-320
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2977919
- OpenAlex
- W1968219857
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH055542, R01-MH55542-01A2)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- intimate partner violence, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, comorbidities, women victims, psychological aggression, PTSD symptom severity, childhood trauma, depressive symptoms, relationship violence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aggression, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Personality Inventory, Spouse Abuse, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Violence, Comorbidity
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