Internalized Heterosexism: Measurement, Psychosocial Correlates, and Research Directions
Abstract
This article provides an integrated critical review of the literature on internalized heterosexism/internalized homophobia (IH), its measurement, and its psychosocial correlates. It describes the psychometric properties of six published measures used to operationalize the construct of IH. It also critically reviews empirical studies on correlates of IH in the areas of sexual identity formation and the coming-out process; mental, psychosocial, and physical health; substance use; sexual risk-taking behavior; intimate relationships; parenting and family issues; gender roles and feminism; race and ethnicity; religion; career issues; and counselor—client interactions and treatment interventions. Last, it discusses limitations of the body of research and provides suggestions for future research throughout the review.
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Research shows that internalized oppression significantly contributes to depression in LGBTQ people.
“BOWS primarily focuses on internalized oppression as the intervention target, which research shows significantly contributes to depression in LGBTQ people [25,27,41,42].”
A significant body of evidence has linked LGBTQ-specific internalized oppression and the outcome of depression, making it an appropriate target for intervention.
“A significant body of evidence has linked LGBTQ-specific internalized oppression and the outcome of depression [25,27,41,42], making it an appropriate target for intervention.”
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- Authors
- Szymanski, D. M., Kashubeck-West, S., & Meyer, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- University of Missouri-St. Louis
- University of Missouri–St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Szymanski, Dawn M.
- Venue
- The Counseling Psychologist
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 525-574
- ISSN
- 0011-0000 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3861
- OpenAlex
- W2163912735
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 17.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Counseling Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Keywords
- internalized heterosexism, internalized homophobia, sexual identity development, coming out, mental health, substance use, sexual risk behavior, intimate relationships, parenting, gender roles, feminism, race and ethnicity, career concerns, counselor-client interaction, therapeutic interventions, psychometric properties
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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