Exploring Sexual Minority Women’s Experiences of External and Internalized Heterosexism and Sexism and their Links to Coping and Distress

Szymanski, Dawn M.; Henrichs-Beck, Christy

doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0329-5

Cited by 116LGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyGender and Feminist StudiesRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

Exploring Sexual Minority Women’s Experiences of External and Internalized Heterosexism and Sexism and their Links to Coping and Distress

Szymanski, Dawn M., Henrichs-Beck, Christy·2014·Sex Roles

DOI 10.1007/s11199-013-0329-5

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Stressful experiences may lead to feelings of powerlessness, helplessness, and confusion, which might lead to a predisposition toward heightened maladaptive coping and lowered adaptive coping.
“Stressful experiences may lead to feelings of powerlessness, helplessness, and confusion, which might lead to a predisposition toward heightened maladaptive coping and lowered adaptive coping [14,15].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In previous pre-COVID studies, stressful and traumatic events were associated with maladaptive coping.
“In previous pre-COVID studies, stressful and traumatic events were associated with maladaptive coping [14,15]”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [15]

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A Psychometric Review of Measures Assessing Discrimination Against Sexual Minorities
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The Sociocultural Context of Sexually Diverse Women’s Sexual Desire
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A systematic review to determine how service provider practises impact effective service provision to lesbian, gay and bisexual consumers in a mental health setting
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Experiencing and Coping with Sexually Objectifying Treatment: Internalization and Resilience
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Heterosexism and LGB Positive Identity: Roles of Coping and Personal Growth Initiative
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The Role of Interpersonal Sexual Objectification in Heterosexual Intimate Partner Violence From Perspectives of Perceivers and Targets
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Relationship Education for Lesbian Couples: Perceived Barriers and Content Considerations
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The Relationship between a Sense of Belonging to the LGBTIQ + Community, Internalized Heterosexism, and Depressive Symptoms among Bisexual and Lesbian Women
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Coping with Weight Stigma Among Adults in a Commercial Weight Management Sample
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The Role of Intersectionality in Marriage and Family Therapy Multicultural Supervision
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Sexual Orientation, Internal Migration, and Mental Health during the Transition to Adulthood
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How We See Us: An Examination of Factors Shaping the Appraisal of Stereotypical Media Images of Black Women among Black Adolescent Girls
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Minority Stress, Emotion Regulation, and the Parenting of Sexual-Minority Youth
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Daily discrimination and binge eating among lesbians: a pilot study
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Alcohol as Coping: Internalized Homophobia and Heterosexism’s Role in Alcohol Use among Lesbians
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Prevalence of 12-month mental and substance use disorders in sexual minority college students in Mexico
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A Taxonomy of Coping Strategies and Discriminatory Stressors in Digital Gaming
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The Impact of Community Belongingness on Mental Health and Well-Being Among Black LGBTQ Adults
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Predictors of Psychological Outcomes in Nonheterosexual Individuals
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Lesbians’ Negative Affect Toward Sexual Minority People with Stereotypical Masculine and Feminine Characteristics
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How Do Feminist-Identified Women Cope With Discrimination? A Feminist Standpoint and Grounded Theory Study
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Prejudice, Stigma, Bias, Discrimination, and Health
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Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions Toward Bisexual Individuals: Does Geographic Area Make a Difference?
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The socioecology of sexual minority stigma: Advancing theory on stigma-based mechanisms underlying sexual orientation-based disparities in health
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Childhood Experiences and Mental Health of Sexual Minority Adults: Examining Three Models
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Social Service Providers’ Knowledge of and Practice with LGBTQ+ People at Risk of Sex Trafficking
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Mental illness discrimination and support experienced by people who are of color and/or LGB: Considering intersecting identities.
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Internalized homophobia and depression in lesbian women: The protective role of pride
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Direct and Indirect Effects of Perceived Stigma on Posttraumatic Growth in Gay Men and Lesbian Women in Chile
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Substance Use and Sexual-Minority Status: Examining the Mediating Roles of Stress and Emotion Dysregulation in Young Adult Women
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LGBTQ+ identity-related abuse during childhood and associations with depression and suicide behavior: Role of adulthood cisheterosexism and expressive suppression
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Prevalence and risk factors associated with perinatal depression in sexual minority women
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‘Show Us a Kiss!’: The Everyday Sexual Harassment Experiences of Female Lesbian, Bisexual, and Queer Students
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Reproductive Justice in the Post-Roe v. Wade Era: Examining Reactions to Dobbs v. Jackson and Psychological Distress Among Cisgender Women and People Assigned Female at Birth
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Linking minority stress to substance abuse in LGB adults: the mediating effect of sexual harassment
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English Validation of a Short Scale Designed to Detect Negative Attitudes towards Trans People (EANT)
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Women of Color in Marriage and Family Therapy Programs
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Gender, sexual orientation, and mental health in the kink community: an application of coping self-efficacy theory
Bowling, J., Montanaro, E. A., Cramer, R. J., Mennicke, A. M., Wilsey, C. N., Kaniuka, A. R., Wright, S. W., Macchia, J. M., Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J., & Heron, K. E. (2021) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.1973001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Use of the Heterosexist Harassment, Rejection, and Discrimination Scale With Different Sexual Orientation, Gender, and Racial/Ethnic Groups: An Examination of Measurement Invariance
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Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory
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“Stressful experiences may lead to feelings of powerlessness, helplessness, and confusion, which might lead to a predisposition toward heightened maladaptive coping and lowered adaptive coping [14,15].”
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The influence of internalized heterosexism on life satisfaction: comparing sexual minority women in Belgium and Turkey
Ummak, E., Toplu‐Demirtaş, E., Pope, A. L., & Moe, J. L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02068-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Coping styles and suicide in racially and ethnically diverse lesbian, bisexual, and queer women.
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Using the Internalized Misogyny Scale Across Sexual Orientations: Measurement Invariance and Item Factor Analysis
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Associations among sexual assault, posttraumatic stress, drinking to cope with anxiety, and alcohol use based on gender identity and sexual orientation
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Sexist Microaggressions and Internalised Stereotypes of Women: Impact on Unethical Behaviour at Work
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The Impact of Personal Gender-Typicality and Partner Gender-Traditionality on Taking Sexual Initiative: Investigating a Social Tuning Hypothesis
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The Effects of Empathy on Disparagement Humor
Bui, P., Kalpidou, M., DeVito, L., & Greene, T. (2016) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2164-8204.jn21.2.119 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Challenges in Implementing Restorative Justice with Older Adults: Institutional Gatekeepers and Social Barriers
Avieli, H., Band‐Winterstein, T., & Gal, Ṭ. (2021) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcab051 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cognition in Adults With and Without Alzheimer's Disease
Sprague, B. N., Watts, A. S., & Burns, J. M. (2016) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2164-8204.jn21.2.91 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Young Adults' Expectations About the Values of Religious and Spiritual People
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Embracing Self-Compassion
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Sexist discrimination and gender microaggressions: An exploration of current conceptualizations of women's experiences of sexism
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Transitioning Experiences of First Year Gender Non-conforming Students from School to University in South Africa
Mampane, J. N., & Brown, A. (2021) · Interchange · doi:10.1007/s10780-021-09419-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychological Distress Mediates the Relationship Between Bisexual Discrimination and Disordered Eating Behaviors in Bi + Women
Jones, M. E., & Doley, J. R. (2024) · Journal of Bisexuality · doi:10.1080/15299716.2024.2309404 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Minority Stress and the Development of Problem Alcohol Use Among Sexual Minority Youth: A Scoping Review Synthesizing Multidisciplinary Mechanisms of Risk
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Sexual Behavior in Sexual Minority Women and Connections with Discrimination
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Egocentric Inferences About the Values of Terrorist Groups
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Shutting Down the Tent Revival: The Call for Inclusive Leadership in LIS
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Psychometric Evaluation of the Heterosexist Harassment, Rejection, and Discrimination Scale: Identification of a Unidimensional 11-Item Scale
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Sexual Orientation Microaggressions and Psychological Well-Being: A Mediational Model
Deitz, C. (2015) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cross-Cultural Globalization of Advertisements
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Disability, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation: An Intersectional Analysis Assessing Perceived Threat of Hate Crimes
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Internalised misogyny and intragroup discrimination: a critical discourse analysis of anti-gender equality comments on Nigerian female blogs
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Challenging heteronormativity for inclusive and sustainable chemistry education
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A Daily Diary Investigation of Discrimination and Binge Eating Among Lesbian Women
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An Investigation of Anti-LGBT Hate Crime Victimization, Narrative Processing, and Mental Health
Dandal, A. M. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
The Stigma-Related Strengths Model: The Development of Character Strengths among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
Antebi‐Gruszka, N. (2016) · doi:10.7916/d8kp82df
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Service Members: Clinical Practice Considerations
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Internalized Stigma for Concealable Marginalized Identities: A Barrier to Group-Related Political Engagement?
Blankenship, B. T. (2019) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)

Do Coping Styles Moderate or Mediate the Relationship Between Internalized Heterosexism and Sexual Minority Women's Psychological Distress?
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Do coping styles moderate or mediate the relationship between internalized heterosexism and sexual minority women’s psychological distress? Psychology of Women Quarterly
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Group-Level Coping as a Moderator Between Heterosexism and Sexism and Psychological Distress in Sexual Minority Women
Szymanski, D. M., & Owens, G. P. (2009) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01489.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citation
Does Internalized Heterosexism Moderate the Link Between Heterosexist Events and Lesbians' Psychological Distress?
Szymanski, D. M. (2006) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9340-4 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Self-citation
Racism and Heterosexism as Correlates of Psychological Distress in African American Sexual Minority Women
Szymanski, D. M., & Meyer, D. D. (2008) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/15538600802125423 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Szymanski, D. M., & Henrichs-Beck, C.
Affiliations: University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
Corresponding author: Szymanski, Dawn M.
ORCID: Szymanski, Dawn M.
Venue: Sex Roles
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-10-26
Volume: 70
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 28-42
ISSN: 0360-0025 (ISSN-L)
1573-2762
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-013-0329-5
OpenAlex: W2019113182
Cited by: 116
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6
FWCI: 14.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Sex Roles (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: sexual minority women, lesbians, bisexual women, heterosexism, internalized heterosexism, sexism, internalized sexism, coping strategies, psychological distress, reactive coping, multiple oppressions, maladaptive coping

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Exploring Sexual Minority Women’s Experiences of External and Internalized Heterosexism and Sexism and their Links to Coping and Distress

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