Discrimination and Health Inequities

Krieger, Nancy

doi:10.2190/hs.44.4.b

Cited by 958Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesGender, Health, and Social Inequality

Discrimination and Health Inequities

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Krieger, Nancy·2014·International Journal of Health Services

DOI 10.2190/hs.44.4.b

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Abstract

In 1999, only 20 studies in the public health literature employed instruments to measure self-reported experiences of discrimination. Fifteen years later, the number of empirical investigations on discrimination and health easily exceeds 500, with these studies increasingly global in scope and focused on major types of discrimination variously involving race/ethnicity, indigenous status, immigrant status, gender, sexuality, disability, and age, separately and in combination. And yet, as I also document, even as the number of investigations has dramatically expanded, the scope remains narrow: studies remain focused primarily on interpersonal discrimination, and scant research investigates the health impacts of structural discrimination, a gap consonant with the limited epidemiologic research on political systems and population health. Accordingly, to help advance the state of the field, this updated review article: ( a) briefly reviews definitions of discrimination, illustrated with examples from the United States; ( b) discusses theoretical insights useful for conceptualizing how discrimination can become embodied and produce health inequities, including via distortion of scientific knowledge; ( c) concisely summarizes extant evidence—both robust and inconsistent—linking discrimination and health; and ( d) addresses several key methodological controversies and challenges, including the need for careful attention to domains, pathways, level, and spatiotemporal scale, in historical context.

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Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions
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Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: a systematic review
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Structural Sexism and Health in the United States: A New Perspective on Health Inequality and the Gender System
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Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards
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Improving The Measurement Of Structural Racism To Achieve Antiracist Health Policy: Study examines measurement of structural racism to achieve antiracist health policy
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Desigualdades em Saúde: uma perspectiva global
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Authors: Krieger, N.
Corresponding author: Krieger, Nancy
ORCID: Krieger, Nancy
Venue: International Journal of Health Services
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2014-10
Volume: 44
Issue: 4
Pages: 643-710
ISSN: 0020-7314 (ISSN-L)
1541-4469
DOI: 10.2190/hs.44.4.b
OpenAlex: W2109235191
Cited by: 953
References: 215
Citations by year: 2026: 80 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 102 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3
FWCI: 91.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
nrs.harvard.edu
Licence: cc-by
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Health Services (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG027122)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
Keywords: discrimination, health disparities, structural discrimination, interpersonal discrimination, self-reported discrimination, race and ethnicity, Indigenous status, immigrant status, gender, sexuality, disability, age, discrimination measurement, methodological issues
MeSH terms: Humans, Prejudice, Research, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Health Status Disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Social Determinants of Health

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Discrimination and Health Inequities

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