Reliability Generalization of Working Alliance Inventory Scale Scores
Abstract
Reliability generalization (RG) was used to study five versions of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI), including scores from 12 different scales. Sixty-seven internal consistency estimates, six interrater reliability estimates, and four study characteristics were analyzed. In general, reliability estimates of WAI scale scores appear to be robust. Mean reliability estimates ranged, in this sample of studies, from .79 to .97, with a modal estimate of .92. Variability in reliability estimates was, based on simple bivariate correlations, associated with client and therapist sample size for WAI total scores (observer version). Implications for measuring alliance using the WAI and conducting future RG studies on psychotherapy process measures are discussed.
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The Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form Revised has high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.91) and high test-retest reliability (0.93, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.97).
“The WAI-SR has been shown to have high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.91 [20, 38] and high reliability, with test-retest reliability of 0.93 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.97) [18].”
From Internet videoconferencing delivered cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
The WAI-SR has construct validity, with a correlation of 0.80 with the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scale and a correlation of 0.74 with the Helping Alliance Questionnaire.
“in terms of its construct validity, the WAI-SR exhibits high correlations with other measures of the therapeutic alliance, such as a correlation of 0.80 with the california psychotherapy alliance scale and a correlation of 0.74 with the helping alliance questionnaire (44).”
From Timing of imagery rescripting during schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: the LUCY trial (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
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A tutorial on the meta-analytic structural equation modeling of reliability coefficients.
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Spanish Adaptation of the Working Alliance Inventory-Short (WAI-S)
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Supervisory Working Alliance: A Model Providing Direction for College Counseling Supervision
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A RELIABILITY GENERALIZATION STUDY OF THE FROST MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERFECTIONISM SCALE (F-MPS)1
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Reconceptualizing Teacher-Student Relationships
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Assessing the Reliability of Scores Produced by the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory
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Parents of Adolescents with Mental Disorders: Improving Their Caregiving Experience
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The impact of the interventionist–participant relationship on treatment adherence and weight loss
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Therapeutic alliance in dietetic practice for weight loss: Insights from health coaching
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A Reliability Generalization of the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale
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A Meta-Analytic Reliability Generalization Study of the Oxford Happiness Scale in Turkish Sample
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Gender Self‐Confidence and Social Influence: Impact on Working Alliance
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“…(95% CI 0.83–0.97) (43). in terms of its construct validity, the WAI-SR exhibits high correlations with other measures of the therapeutic alliance, such as a correlation of 0.80 with the california psychotherapy alliance scale and a correlation of 0.74 with the helping alliance questionnaire (44).”
MethodInfluentialOutcomes in clients transitioning from in‐person counselling to telehealth counselling with trainees
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Therapeutic alliance predicts mood but not alcohol outcome in a comorbid treatment setting
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The Focal Play Therapy: A Clinical Approach to Promote Child Health and Family Well-being
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The development of the Epistemic Trust Rating System (ETRS)
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Una revisión de los estudios meta-analíticos de generalización de la fiabilidad
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Understanding Treatment: Principles and Approaches
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Banter in psychotherapy: Relationship to treatment type, therapeutic alliance, and therapy outcome
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- Authors
- Hanson, W. E., Curry, K. T., & Bandalos, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hanson, William E.
- ORCID
- Bandalos, Deborah L.
- Venue
- Educational and Psychological Measurement
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-08
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 659-673
- ISSN
- 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3888
- OpenAlex
- W2122193551
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- Working Alliance Inventory, therapeutic relationship, reliability generalization, internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, scale scores, observer ratings
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