Assessing the reliability of Beck Depression Inventory scores: reliability generalization across studies

Yin, Ping; Fan, Xitao

doi:10.1177/00131640021970466

Cited by 197Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and AssessmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Assessing the reliability of Beck Depression Inventory scores: reliability generalization across studies

Yin, Ping, Fan, Xitao·2000·Educational and Psychological Measurement

DOI 10.1177/00131640021970466

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Abstract

The reliability estimates for the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores across studies were accumulated and summarized in a meta-analysis. Only 7.5% of the articles reviewed reported meaningful reliability estimates, indicating that the logic of “test score reliability” generally has not prevailed in clinical psychology regarding application of BDI. Analyses revealed that for BDI, the measurement error due to time sampling as captured by test-retest reliability estimate is considerably larger than the measurement error due to item heterogeneity and content sampling as captured by internal consistency reliability estimate. Also, reliability estimates involving substance addicts were consistently lower than reliability estimates involving normal subjects, possibly due to restriction of range problems. Correlation analyses revealed that standard errors of measurement (SEMs) were not correlated with reliability estimates but were substantially related to standard deviations of BDI scores, suggesting that SEMs should be considered in addition to reliability estimates when interpreting individual BDI scores.

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The Beck Depression Inventory has internal consistency α=.81 for non-psychiatric and α=.86 for psychiatric patients, with good test-retest reliability (r=.72).
“Beck Depression Inventory is a 21-item scale (α=.81 for non-psychiatric, α=.86 for psychiatric patients, with good test-retest reliability (r=.72)(55))”
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Self-report differentiation of anxiety and depression in an anxiety disorders sample.
Cox, B. J., Swinson, R. P., Kuch, K., & Reichman, J. T. (1993) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.4.484 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Uncontrollability and self-blame in depression: Investigation of the paradox in a college population.
Peterson, C. (1979) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.88.6.620 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Structure of Depression in Alcoholic Men: A Partial Replication
Steer, R. A., McElroy, M. G., & Beck, A. T. (1982) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1982.50.3.723 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The temporal relationship between hostility and depressed mood
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Covariance in the measurement of depression/anxiety and three Cluster C personality disorders (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive)
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Depression-Proneness, Low Self-Esteem, Unhappy Outlook, and Narcissistic Vulnerability
Zemore, R., & Bretell, D. (1983) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1983.52.1.223 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Depressive Mood Reactions to Breaking Up: Testing the Learned Helplessness Model of Depression
Peterson, C., Rosenbaum, A. C., & Conn, M. K. (1985) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1985.3.2.161 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Development of a Self-Report Measure of Depression-Proneness
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The rosy glow of self-esteem: Depression, masculinity, and causal attributions
Feather, N. T. (1987) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049538708259033 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Depressive irrationality
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Book Reviews
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Research works printed but not linked: 5

Beck, A. T., 1996, Manual for Beck Depression Inventory-II
10.2466/pr0.1986.59.1.331 · DOI · Paper page
Love, A. W., 1987, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 84, 10.1002/1097-4679(198701)43:1<84::AID-JCLP2270430111>3.0.CO;2-# · DOI
Watkins, A. J., annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America
Willson, V. L., 1980, Educational Researcher, 9, 5

Sorted by citations

Starting at the beginning: an introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency
Streiner, D. L. (2003) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8001_18 · Cited by 3,794 · see citing works
“As a number of authors have pointed out, how- ever, reliability is a characteristic of the test scores, not of the test itself (e.g., Caruso, 2000; Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 1991; Yin & Fan, 2000).”
Background
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review
Wang, Y.-P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048 · Cited by 1,577 · see citing works
A meta-analytic examination of the goal orientation nomological net.
Payne, S. C., Youngcourt, S. S., & Beaubien, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.128 · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: The Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Leech, N. L. (2005) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645570500402447 · Cited by 1,158 · see citing works
“Consistent with this contention, several researchers (e.g. Yin & Fan, 2000) have documented examples of score reliability estimates that have varied significantly upon different administrations of the same instrument.”
Understanding Internal Consistency Reliability Estimates: A Conceptual Primer on Coefficient Alpha
Henson, R. K. (2001) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2002.12069034 · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive processes and affect in patients with past depression
Ramel1, W., Goldin, P. R., Carmona, P. E., & McQuaid, J. R. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000045557.15923.96 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
“The BDI has been found to correlate .68 with interview-based assessments of depression (Rabkin & Klein, 1987) and has good internal consistency (α = .84) and moderate test-retest reliability (r = .69; Yin & Fan, 2000).”
Method
Do guided internet-based interventions result in clinically relevant changes for patients with depression? An individual participant data meta-analysis
Karyotaki, E., Ebert, D. D., Donkin, L., Riper, H., Twisk, J., Burger, S., Rozental, A., Lange, A., Williams, A. D., Zarski, A. C., et al. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.007 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
A Reliability Generalization Study of the Teacher Efficacy Scale and Related Instruments
Henson, R. K., Kogan, L. R., & Vacha‐Haase, T. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131640121971284 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Reliability of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: A meta-analysis over a period of 49years
Trajković, G., Starčević, V., Latas, M., Leštarević, M., Ille, T., Bukumirić, Z., & Marinković, J. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.007 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“A similar relationship between test–retest reliability and theperiod between the two administrations of the scale was observed in a metaanalysis of reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), with the correlation coefficient of r=–0.59 (Yin and Fan, 2000).”
Influential
Meta-analysis of Cohen’s kappa
Sun, S. (2011) · Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology · doi:10.1007/s10742-011-0077-3 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Treating Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficients as Data in Counseling Research
Helms, J. E., Henze, K. T., Sass, T. L., & Mifsud, V. A. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006288308 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
“We use the DG and referent data, summarized in Table 1 to illustrate several types of RG studies that are easily accomplished and, as Yin and Fan (2000) point out, will make it possible to understand how and why the reliability of measurements obtained from a particular scale vary across studies.”
Method
Mindfulness and Rumination: Does Mindfulness Training Lead to Reductions in the Ruminative Thinking Associated With Depression?
Deyo, M., Wilson, K. A., Ong, J., & Koopman, C. (2009) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2009.06.005 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Reliability Generalization of Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, and Behavioral Intentions1
Hess, T. J., McNab, A. L., & Basoglu, K. A. (2014) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2014/38.1.01 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“Further, measurement characteristics such as scale version (Yin and Fan 2000) and reliability type (Capraro et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The robust reliability of neuropsychological measures: meta-analyses of test-retest correlations
Calamia, M., Markon, K., & Tranel, D. (2013) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2013.809795 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“Numerous reliability generalization studies have since been conducted for a variety of tests (e.g., the BDI, Yin & Fan, 2000; and the MMPI, Vacha-Haase, Kogan, Tani, & Woodall, 2001).”
Background
Significance, Effect Sizes, Stepwise Methods, and Other Issues: Strong Arguments Move the Field
Thompson, B. (2001) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220970109599499 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Multilevel Meta-analysis: a comparison with traditional meta-analytical procedures
Van Den Noortgate, W., & Onghena, P. (2003) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164403251027 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“…studies include those reported by Capraro, Capraro, and Henson (2001); Caruso (2000); Caruso, Witkiewitz, Belcourt-Dittloff, and Gottlieb (2001); Helms (1999); Henson, Kogan, and Vacha-Haase (2001); Vacha-Haase, Kogan, Tani, and Woodall (2001); Viswesvaran and Ones (2000); and Yin and Fan (2000).”
Background
A Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis of Coefficient Alpha for the Maslach Burnout Inventory
Wheeler, D., Vassar, M. B., Worley, J. A., & Barnes, L. L. B. (2011) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164410391579 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Sample characteristics can be tabulated in an attempt to account for the variability in reliability scores when used as a dependent variable (e.g., Yin & Fan, 2000).”
Background
The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR)
Li, A., & Bagger, J. (2007) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164406292087 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“For example, Yin and Fan (2000) identified over 1,200 studies that used the Beck Depression Inventory.”
BackgroundMethod
Reliability Generalization of Working Alliance Inventory Scale Scores
Hanson, W. E., Curry, K. T., & Bandalos, D. L. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164402062004008 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, RG studies have been conducted on a number of wellknown, clinically-oriented psychological tests, including, to name a few, symptom-based tests, such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) ( Yin & Fan, 2000 ), and personality tests, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI/MMPI-2) (V…”
Background
Reliability Generalization: Moving Toward Improved Understanding and Use of Score Reliability
Vacha‐Haase, T., Henson, R. K., & Caruso, J. C. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164402062004002 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Yin and Fan (2000): Beck Depression Inventory 5.6 7.5 6.8 80.1 Youngstrom and Green (in press): Differential Emotions Scale — 0 — — Note.”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychometric Properties of “Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences”: Review and Meta-analyses
Mark, W., & Toulopoulou, T. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv088 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability Across Studies: A Meta-Analytic Reliability Generalization Study
Capraro, R. M., & Capraro, M. M. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316402128775030 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of transactional leadership and follower performance: Double-edged effects of lmx and empowerment
Young, H. R., Glerum, D. R., Joseph, D. L., & McCord, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206320908646 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“When reliabilities were missing from primary studies, we imputed sample-weighted reliabilities that we calculated following recommendations by Yin and Fan (2000).”
Method
Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Indonesia's general population and coronary heart disease patients
Ginting, H., Näring, G. W. B., van der Veld, W. M., Srisayekti, W., & Becker, E. S. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/s1697-2600(13)70028-0 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“The moderate value of test-retest reliability was probably because the long interval between test and retest produced more measurement error (Yin & Fan, 2000).”
Background
A cognitive-behavioral mindfulness group therapy intervention for the treatment of binge eating in bariatric surgery patients
Leahey, T. M., Crowther, J. H., & Irwin, S. R. (2008) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.01.004 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
A Framework for Reporting and Interpreting Internal Consistency Reliability Estimates
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Daniel, L. G. (2002) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2002.12069052 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“…with this assertion, several researchers (e.g., Caruso, 2000; Henson, Kogan, & Vacha-Haase, 2001; VachaHaase, 1998; Viswesvaran & Ones, 2000; Yin & Fan, 2000) have provided examples of score reliability estimates that have varied significantly among different administrations of the same…”
Background
Improving the reporting quality of reliability generalization meta‐analyses: The REGEMA checklist
Sánchez‐Meca, J., Marín‐Martínez, F., López-López, J. A., Núñez, R. M. N., Rubio‐Aparicio, M., García, J. J. L., Pina, J. A. L., Blázquez-Rincón, D., López‐Ibáñez, C., & López‐Nicolás, R. (2021) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1487 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Another analytical approach is that advocated by Schmidt and Hunter,(27) consisting of assuming a random-effects model and weighting the reliability estimates by sample size.(16) Random-effects models have also been proposed,(12,56) weighting the reliability coefficients by its inverse variance, the latter defined as…”
Method
The Reliability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Clinical Practice
Kopp, B., Lange, F., & Steinke, A. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119866257 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“…variance maximize reliability, whereas lower amounts of interindividual variance minimize reliability, with the consequence that the same test may demonstrate different reliabilities in different contexts (Caruso, 2000; Cooper et al., 2017; Feldt & Brennan, 1989; Wilkinson, 1999; Yin & Fan, 2000).”
Background
Characterizing Measurement Error in Scores Across Studies: Some Recommendations for Conducting “Reliability Generalization” Studies
Henson, R. K., & Thompson, B. (2002) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2002.12069054 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“For example, in their RG study of the Beck Depression Inventory, Yin and Fan (2000) chose to code whether the sample represented (a) clinical psychiatric patients versus nonclinical respondents, (b) respondents with physical diseases versus those without physical disease, and (c) respondents with a substance addiction…”
Method
Reliability of Scores from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: A Reliability Generalization Study
Caruso, J. C., Witkiewitz, K. A., Belcourt-Dittloff, A., & Gottlieb, J. D. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131640121971437 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“…the reliability of scores does, in fact, vary as a function of participant and study characteristics (e.g., Caruso, 2000; Caruso & Edwards, in press; Vacha-Haase, 1998; Yin & Fan, 2000; but see Viswesvaran & Ones, 2000), supporting the notion that reliability is a property of scores and not tests.”
Background
Some recommended statistical analytic practices when reliability generalization studies are conducted
Sánchez‐Meca, J., López-López, J. A., & Pina, J. A. L. (2012) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.2012.02057.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“This model, explicitly recommended by Yin and Fan (2000) for carrying out RG studies, implies analysing untransformed coefficients alpha andweighting them by sample size, in order to givemoreweight to the studies with larger sample sizes.”
BackgroundMethod
Response shifts in mental health interventions: An illustration of longitudinal measurement invariance.
Fokkema, M., Smits, N., Kelderman, H., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0031669 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Role of Psychometrics in Individual Differences Research in Cognition: A Case Study of the AX-CPT
Cooper, S. R., Gonthier, C., Barch, D. M., & Braver, T. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01482 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“…the scores produced by a test in a particular setting, not the test itself, and though this point has been frequently reiterated in the psychometric literature (Feldt and Brennan, 1989; Wilkinson and Task Force on Statistical Inference, 1999; Caruso, 2000; Yin and Fan, 2000), it bears repeating.”
Background
A Reliability Induction and Reliability Generalization Study of the Cage Questionnaire
Shields, A. L., & Caruso, J. C. (2004) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164403261814 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“…diverging opinions exist (e.g., Sawilowsky, 2000), behavioral scientists have demonstrated the empirical (e.g., Lord & Novick, 1968), logical (e.g., Yin & Fan, 2000), and practical (e.g., Thompson, 1994; Wilkinson & the American Psychological Association Task Force on Statistical Inference…”
Background
Brooding and Pondering
Armey, M. F., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M., Mennin, D. S., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Kecmanovic, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2009) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191109340388 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Meta-analysis of BDI studies has demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .84) and moderate test–retest reliability (r = .69; Yin & Fan, 2000).”
The Children’s Depression Inventory in Worldwide Child Development Research: A Reliability Generalization Study
Sun, S., & Wang, S. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0038-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Two Approaches for Correcting Correlation Attenuation Caused by Measurement Error: Implications for Research Practice
Fan, X. (2003) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164403251319 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“The fact that only such a small percentage of studies reported their measurement reliabilities “shows that the concept of test score reliability has not generally prevailed . . . and research practice . . . still leaves much to be desired” (Yin & Fan, 2000, p. 210).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Sample size and power calculations for medical studies by simulation when closed form expressions are not available
Landau, S., & Stahl, D. R. (2012) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280212439578 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“For example, the commonly used Beck depression inventory scale II categorises a quasi continuous scale into minimal, mild, moderate and severe depression symptoms.(52) The categorised outcomes are then analysed based on a model for such an outcome (e.”
Method
A randomized trial of massage therapy after heart surgery
Albert, N. M., Gillinov, A. M., Lytle, B. W., Feng, J., Cwynar, R. E., & Blackstone, E. H. (2009) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.03.001 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Meta‐Analysis of Coefficient Alpha: A Reliability Generalization Study
Greco, L., O’Boyle, E. H., Cockburn, B. S., & Yuan, Z. (2017) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12328 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Resting-state EEG delta power is associated with psychological pain in adults with a history of depression
Meerwijk, E. L., Ford, J. M., & Weiss, S. J. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.01.003 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Score Reliability: A Retrospective Look Back at 12 Years of Reliability Generalization Studies
Vacha‐Haase, T., & Thompson, B. (2011) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175611409845 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Further evidence for the cultural norm hypothesis: Positive emotion in depressed and control European American and Asian American women.
Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E., Tsai, J. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017562 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“These measures have adequate reliability and validity (Beck, Steer, & Carbin, 1988; Morriss, Leese, Chatwin, & Baldwin, 2008; Yin & Fan, 2000; but also see Bagby, Ryder, Schuller, & Marshall, 2004, for concerns regarding psychometric qualities of the HDRS).”
The Ways of Coping Scale
Rexrode, K. R., Petersen, S., & O’Toole, S. K. (2007) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164407310128 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Measurement Error of Scores on the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale across Studies
Capraro, M. M., Capraro, R. M., & Henson, R. K. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131640121971266 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Examples of RG studies include examinations of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Vacha-Haase, 1998), Beck Depression Inventory (Yin & Fan, 2000), “Big Five Factors” of personality across various tests (Viswesvaran & Ones, 2000), NEO–”
MethodResultInfluential
A Reliability Generalization Study on the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support
Hellman, C. M., Fuqua, D. R., & Worley, J. A. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164406288158 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Variability and Prediction of Measurement Error in Kolb's Learning Style Inventory Scores: A Reliability Generalization Study
Henson, R. K., & Hwang, D.-Y. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164402062004011 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Although this would be expected (see Yin & Fan, 2000), many alpha coefficients were quite low and most test-retest estimates were marginal at best.”
Background
Reliability Generalization: An Examination of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale
Nilsson, J. E., Schmidt, C. K., & Meek, W. D. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164402062004007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Authors are even less likely to provide actual score reliability estimates of their own data (see Thompson & Snyder, 1998; Vacha-Haase, 1998; Vacha-Haase, Ness, Nilsson, & Reetz, 1999; Yin & Fan, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
A narrative review of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and implications for its use in an alcohol‐dependent population
McPherson, A., & Martin, C. R. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01469.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The relation between outcome expectation, therapeutic alliance, and outcome among depressed patients in group cognitive-behavioral therapy
Vîslă, A., Constantino, M. J., Newkirk, K., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., & Söchting, I. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1218089 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis of the reliability of the BDI indicated an average Cronbach alpha of .84 (Yin & Fan, 2000).”
Method
The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and Its Shortened Form: A Meta-Analytic Inquiry Into Score Reliability
Shields, A. L., Howell, R. T., Potter, J. S., & Weiss, R. D. (2007) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080701212295 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“These include such commonly used instruments as the Beck Depression Inventory (Yin and Fan, 2000) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Vacha-Haase, Kogan, Tani, and Woodall, 2001).”
Method
Measuring eating disorder attitudes and behaviors: a reliability generalization study
Gleaves, D. H., Pearson, C. A., Ambwani, S., & Morey, L. C. (2014) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/2050-2974-2-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“As with other types of meta-analysis, RG allows researchers to understand a large body of literature which may be producing inconsistent findings, in this case helping to understand differences in score reliability across multiple studies [6].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Reproductive Correlates of Depressive Symptoms Among Low-Income Minority Women
Berenson, A. B., Breitkopf, C. R., & Wu, Z. H. (2003) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.obstetgynecol.2003.08.012 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“90) with the original, 21-item (long) version(17,21) and demonstrates strong psychometric properties.(22) The sensitivity (83%), specificity (73%), and positive (81%) and negative (75%) predictive values of the short form have been established.”
Background
Using Mixed-Effects Models In Reliability Generalization Studies
Beretvas, S. N., & Pastor, D. A. (2003) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164402239318 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“…correlation (Vacha-Haase, 1998), multiple regression (Capraro et al., 2001; Caruso et al., 2001; Vacha-Haase, 1998; Vacha-Haase et al., 2001; Yin & Fan, 2000), and ANOVA (Caruso, 2000) to describe and investigate patterns of relationships between score reliabilities and study or sample…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
A naturalistic study of alexithymia among psychiatric outpatients treated in an integrated group therapy program
Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Sochting, I., Piper, W. E., & Joyce, A. S. (2012) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02032.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Forecasting Success: Patients' Expectations for Improvement and Their Relations to Baseline, Process and Outcome Variables in Group Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy for Depression
Tsai, M. V., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Söchting, I., & Mirmiran, J. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1831 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“A metaanalysis of the reliability of the BDI indicated an average Cronbach alpha of 0.84 (Yin & Fan, 2000).”
MethodInfluential
The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: A meta-analytic reliability generalization study
Pina, J. A. L., Sánchez‐Meca, J., & Alcázar, A. I. R. (2009) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Reliability generalization of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised (MEIM-R).
Herrington, H. M., Smith, T. B., Feinauer, E., & Griner, D. (2016) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000148 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Reliability Generalization
Leue, A., & Lange, S. (2010) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191110374917 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The trait-like PANAS stability coefficients were comparable to those of the Beck Depression Inventory (Yin & Fan, 2000), which is a short inventory with low situational specificity like the PANAS.”
Method
Parenting Behavior Mediates the Intergenerational Association of Parent and Child Offspring ADHD Symptoms
Tung, I., Brammer, W. A., Li, J. J., & Lee, S. S. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.913250 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The Beck Depression Inventory has been extensively validated and possesses excellent psychometric properties (Beck, Steer, & Garbin, 1988; Yin & Fan, 2000).”
Method
Stability of the Reliability of LibQUAL+™ Scores: A Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis Study
Thompson, B., & Cook, C. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316402128775003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Reliability: Arguments for Multiple Perspectives and Potential Problems with Generalization across Studies
Dimitrov, D. M. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316402236878 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“In fact, recent RG studies also report substantial reliability variation due to type of reliability coefficients (e.g., Vacha-Haase, 1998; Yin & Fan, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Internet‐delivered eating disorder prevention: A randomized controlled trial of dissonance‐based and cognitive‐behavioral interventions
Chithambo, T. P., & Huey, S. J. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22762 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The BDI-II exhibits adequate internal consistency (a5 .84; Yin & Fan, 2000), as well as concurrent validity with alternate self-report measures of depression (Storch, Roberti, & Roth, 2004).”
Background
A Reliability Generalization Study of the Self-Description Questionnaire
Leach, L. F., Henson, R. K., Odom, L. R., & Cagle, L. S. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405284030 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Therefore, we considered the context in which the SDQ is often used and other published RG studies that also investigated psychological or educational instruments (see, e.g., Henson & Hwang, 2002; Yin & Fan, 2000) when determining which characteristics to code.”
BackgroundMethod
Surveillance of Internalizing Behaviors: A Reliability and Validity Generalization Study of Universal Screening Evidence
Allen, A. N., Kilgus, S. P., Burns, M. K., & Hodgson, C. (2018) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-018-9290-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Characteristics that affect score reliability in the Berg Balance Scale: a meta-analytic reliability generalization study
Meseguer-Henarejos, A. B., Rubio‐Aparicio, M., Pina, J. A. L., Hernández, R. M. C., & Gómez‐Conesa, A. (2019) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.19.05363-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: A reliability generalization meta-analysis
Sánchez‐Meca, J., Pina, J. A. L., López-López, J. A., Marín‐Martínez, F., Alcázar, A. I. R., & Gómez‐Conesa, A. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Internet‐based treatment of depressive symptoms in a Kurdish population: A randomized controlled trial
Lindegaard, T., Brohede, D., Koshnaw, K., Osman, S. S., Johansson, R., & Andersson, G. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22753 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Expanding Reliability Generalization Methods With KR-21 Estimates: An RG Study of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory
Lane, G. G., White, A. E., & Henson, R. K. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316402128774978 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Moral Foundations' Methodological Foundations: A Systematic Analysis of Reliability in Research Using the Moral Foundations QuestionnairePreprint
Tamul, D., Elson, M., Ivory, J., Hotter, J., Lanier, M., Wolf, J., & Martínez‐Carrillo, N. I. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/shcgv · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A Reliability Generalization Study for a Multidimensional Loneliness Scale
Maes, M., Noortgate, W. V. D., & Goossens, L. (2015) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000237 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
How Days Between Tests Impacts Alternate Forms Reliability in Computerized Adaptive Tests
Wyse, A. E. (2020) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164420979656 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…coefficients for the Big Five (Gnambs, 2014; Viswesvaran & Ones, 2000), the Beck Depression Inventory (de Ayala et al., 2005; Erford et al., 2016; Yin & Fan, 2000), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personal Inventory (Vacha-Haase et al., 2001), the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Capraro & Capraro,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Using Reliability Generalization Methods to Explore Measurement Error: An Illustration Using the MMPI–2 PSY–5 Scales
Rouse, S. V. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701293908 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Because previous research (Caruso, 2000; Vacha-Haase et al., 2001; Yin & Fan, 2000) has found that data collected in clinical settings yielded different reliability estimates than data collected in nonclinical settings, the possibility exists that reliability for PSY–5 scores is similarly affected.”
MethodResultInfluential
Alternatives for Mixed-Effects Meta-Regression Models in the Reliability Generalization Approach
López-López, J. A., Botella, J., Sánchez‐Meca, J., & Marín‐Martínez, F. (2012) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998612466142 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“When weights were included in the analyses, some researchers chose the sample size as the weighting factor (e.g., Victorson, Barocas, & Song, 2008; Yin & Fan, 2000; Zangaro & Soeken, 2005), according to the proposal of Hunter and Schmidt (2004), while some others chose the inverse variance of the…”
BackgroundResult
Randomized Controlled Trial of a Computerized Interactive Media-Based Problem Solving Treatment for Depression
Sandoval, L. R., Buckey, J. C., Ainslie, R. C., Tombari, M. L., Stone, W. S., & Hegel, M. T. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.04.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The standard error of measurement (SEM) for the BDI was obtained from the meta-analysis performed by Yin and Fan (2000).”
Method
Exploring Factors That Affect Score Reliability and Variability
Kieffer, K. M., & MacDonald, G. F. (2011) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000031 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Associations of Acculturation with Family and Individual Well-being in Serbian Refugee Young Adults in the United States
Lazarevic, V., Wiley, A. R., & Pleck, J. H. (2012) · Journal of Comparative Family Studies · doi:10.3138/jcfs.43.2.217 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
High sex ratios in rural China: declining well-being with age in never-married men
Zhou, X., & Hesketh, T. M. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0324 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The File Drawer Problem in Reliability Generalization
Howell, R. T., & Shields, A. L. (2007) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164407301528 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“If the researcher wishes to use weighted reliability coefficients (see Yin & Fan, 2000, for information on computing weighted reliability coefficients), the following equation can be used: aW Population = (NRG Sample × aW RG Sample ×WeightRG SampleÞ+ ðNNR Sample × aW NR Sample ×WeightNR SampleÞ NRG…”
MethodInfluential
A Reliability Generalization on the Children’s Hope Scale
Hellman, C. M., Muñoz, R. T., Worley, J. A., Feeley, J. A., & Gillert, J. E. (2017) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-017-9467-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Stress in Adolescents with a Chronically Ill Parent: Inspiration from Rolland’s Family Systems-Illness Model
Sieh, D. S., van Loon-Dikkers, L., Visser‐Meily, J. M. A., & Meijer, A. M. (2012) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-012-9291-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“87) (Beck et al. 1961; Visser et al. 2006; Yin and Fan 2000).”
Measurement
Jackman, S. D. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Beck Depression Inventory‐ II
Dozois, D. J. A. (2010) · The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0113 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Smartphone-Based Self-Reports of Depressive Symptoms Using the Remote Monitoring Application in Psychiatry (ReMAP): Interformat Validation Study
Goltermann, J., Emden, D., Leehr, E. J., Dohm, K., Redlich, R., Dannlowski, U., Hahn, T., & Opel, N. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/24333 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Lower variance in depression scores in nonaffective clinical samples has previously been suggested to account for findings of low reliability among substance addiction patients [34].”
A Reliability Generalization Study of Select Measures of Adult Attachment Style
Reese, R. J., Kieffer, K. M., & Briggs, B. K. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164402062004006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“RG can help identify (a) the typical score reliability for an instrument across studies, (b) factors that contribute to score variability across studies, and (c) upper and lower bounds of score reliability estimates in relation to measurement conditions and factors (Yin & Fan, 2000).”
Background
Cognitive depressive symptoms associated with delayed heart rate recovery following interpersonal stress in healthy men and women
Gordon, J. L., Ditto, B., & D’Antono, B. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01397.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Reliability Reporting Across Studies Using the Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory
Vassar, M. B., & Hale, W. (2008) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260508314931 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Yin and Fan (2000) found that only 7.5% of studies using the Beck Depression Inventory reported reliability from their own data.”
BackgroundInfluential
A tutorial on the meta-analytic structural equation modeling of reliability coefficients.
Scherer, R., & Teo, T. P. (2020) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000261 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II in South Africa: factorial validity and longitudinal measurement invariance in university students
Makhubela, M. S., & Mashegoane, S. (2015) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246315611016 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“While this stability of the BDI-II across time is relatively lower than in some findings (e.g., Aasen, 2001; Byrne et al., 2004), it is nevertheless consistent with others (Kuhner, Burger, Keller, & Hautzinger, 2007; Yin & Fan, 2000).”
Result
Psychological pain and reduced resting‐state heart rate variability in adults with a history of depression
Meerwijk, E. L., Chesla, C. A., & Weiss, S. J. (2014) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12175 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
How to Meta-Analyze Coefficient-of-Stability Estimates
Mason, C., Allam, R., & Brannick, M. Τ. (2007) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164407301532 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Reliability Generalization of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale
Ryngala, D. J., Shields, A. L., & Caruso, J. C. (2005) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164404272495 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…applications have identified psychometric strengths and weakness in a variety of psychological measures (Caruso, 2000; Caruso & Edwards, 2001; Henson, Kogan, & Vacha-Haase, 2001; Shields & Caruso, 2003; Vacha-Haase, Tani, Kogan, Woodall, & Thompson, 2001; Viswesvaran & Ones, 2000; Yin & Fan, 2000).”
Reliability generalization of the Texas revised inventory of grief (TRIG)
Montano, S. A., Lewey, J. H., O’Toole, S. K., & Graves, D. (2016) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2015.1129370 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with previous reliability generalization studies; Yin and Fan (2000) found that only 8% of studies using the Beck Depression Inventory reported reliability data for their scores.”
Result
A Reliability Generalization Study of the Political Skill Inventory
Jacobson, R. K., & Viswesvaran, C. (2017) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244017706714 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Seasonal Affective Disorder: Predicting Mood and Cognitive Symptoms in Individuals with Seasonal Vegetative Changes
Enggasser, J. L., & Young, M. A. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9076-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Young et al. (1991) based this theory on findings regarding the pattern of symptom onset in the fall.”
Background
Exploring variability and sources of measurement error in alcohol expectancy questionnaire reliability coefficients: a meta-analytic reliability generalization study.
Kieffer, K. M., Cronin, C. J., & Fister, M. C. (2004) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2004.65.663 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Two-Week and Five-Week Dependability and Stability of the Depressive Personality Disorder Inventory and Its Association With Current Depressive Symptoms
Huprich, S. K., & Roberts, C. R. D. (2012) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.645930 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In a later article, Yin and Fan ( 2000 ) found the average test–retest reliability of the BDI in 23 studies to be 0.”
BackgroundInfluential
What Are the Consequences If the Assumption of Independent Observations Is Violated in Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis Studies?
Romano, J. L., & Kromrey, J. D. (2008) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164408323237 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Reliability Generalization: Exploring Reliability Variations on MMPI/MMPI-2 Validity Scale Scores
Vacha‐Haase, T., Tani, C. R., Kogan, L. R., et al. (2001) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/107319110100800404 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Do negative emotional factors have independent associations with excess adiposity?
Hawkins, M. A. W., & Stewart, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.07.009 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“81, respectively) [33,39,40].”
Background

Is the Beck Depression Inventory Reliable Over Time? An Evaluation of Multiple Test-Retest Reliability in a Nonclinical College Student Sample
Ahava, G. W., & Iannone, C. (1998) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7002_3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
FIABILIDAD, VALIDEZ Y DATOS NORMATI- VOS DEL INVENTARIO PARA LA DEPRESIÓN DE BECK
Sanz, J., & Vázquez, C. (1998) · Psicothema · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Fiabilidad y valores normativos de la versión española del inventario para la depresión de Beck de 1978.
Vázquez, C., & Sanz, J. (1997) · Clínica y Salud · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The Beck Inventory: Psychometric Properties in University Students
Lightfoot, S., & Oliver, J. M. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4904_12 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Assessing the Reliability of the Beck Anxiety Inventory Scores
Ayala, R. J. D., Vonderharr-Carlson, D. J., & Kim, D.-Y. (2005) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405278557 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Authors: Yin, P., & Fan, X.
Affiliations: University of Iowa (US)
Utah State University (US)
ORCID: Yin, Ping
Fan, Xitao
Venue: Educational and Psychological Measurement
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2000-04
Volume: 60
Issue: 2
Pages: 201-223
ISSN: 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
1552-3888
DOI: 10.1177/00131640021970466
OpenAlex: W2030323646
Cited by: 197
References: 142
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 17.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: Beck Depression Inventory, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, standard error of measurement, restriction of range, measurement error, clinical psychology assessment, depression assessment

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Assessing the reliability of Beck Depression Inventory scores: reliability generalization across studies

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