Cited by 1,012Psychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth Education and ValidationSurvey Methodology and Nonresponse

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Initial Scale Development: Sample Size for Pilot Studies

Johanson, George A., Brooks, Gordon P.·2010·Educational and Psychological Measurement

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Pilot studies are often recommended by scholars and consultants to address a variety of issues, including preliminary scale or instrument development. Specific concerns such as item difficulty, item discrimination, internal consistency, response rates, and parameter estimation in general are all relevant. Unfortunately, there is little discussion in the extant literature of how to determine appropriate sample sizes for these types of pilot studies. This article investigates the choice of sample size for pilot studies from a perspective particularly related to instrument development. Specific recommendations are made for researchers regarding how many participants they should use in a pilot study for initial scale development.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0013164409355692

Cites

19 of 19 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study
Julious, S. A. (2005) · Pharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1002/pst.185 · Cited by 3,068
Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies
Hertzog, M. A. (2008) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20247 · Cited by 2,337
Handbook in research and evaluation
(1971) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(71)80129-6 · Cited by 1,488
Bootstrapping: A Nonparametric Approach to Statistical Inference.
Aa, Mooney, C. Z., & Duval, R. D. (1994) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290969 · Cited by 1,365
Bootstrapping
Mooney, C., & Duval, R. (1993) · doi:10.4135/9781412983532 · Cited by 893
Statistical Inference for Coefficient Alpha
Feldt, L. S., Woodruff, D. J., & Salih, F. A. (1987) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662168701100107 · Cited by 526
Statistical rules of thumb
van Belle, G. (2002) · Wiley-Interscience eBooks · Cited by 461
Statistical Rules of Thumb
Nelson, L. S. (2003) · Journal of Quality Technology · doi:10.1080/00224065.2003.11980200 · Cited by 422
WHAT SAMPLE SIZE is "ENOUGH" in INTERNET SURVEY RESEARCH?
Hill, R. L., & Hamilton, W. P. (1998) · Cited by 359
By Design: Planning Research on Higher Education.
Centra, J. A., Light, R. L., Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (1991) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.2307/1982292 · Cited by 266

Show all 19 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Crocker, L., 1986, Classical and modern test theory
Hill, R., 1998, Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century, 6
Lowry, R., 2008, VassarStats: Website for statistical calculation

Sorted by citations

Items 901–998 of 998

Impact of multimodal training on nursing staff’s competencies in dementia mealtime support: A mixed-methods pilot study
Chang, H., Tang, H., Cheng, Y., Sun, L. (., Wong, I., & You, W. (2026) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2026.103905
Knowledge, Confidence, and Perceptions of Oral Cancer Screening Among Rural and Metropolitan Australian General Dental Practitioners: A Pilot Study
Jindal, B., Li, X., Stubbs, M., & Sari, E. F. (2026) · Cancer Nexus · doi:10.1002/cnx2.70017
Comprehensive mental and cognitive health screening: A novel approach
Vyas, S. K. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08559-4
“The current sample size falls within established ranges for pilot questionnaire development and reliability assessment (Johanson & Brooks, 2010; Bujang et al., 2024), given that pilot studies prioritize feasibility assessment and preliminary psychometric evaluation (Thabane et al., 2010; Ying et…”
Development and Feasibility Assessment of an Intrinsic Capacity Program in Primary Care: Protocol for an Implementation Science Approach
Wang, Q., Ginting, M. L., Ho, E. Y., Goh, S. F., Gao, J., Tan, W. S., Ding, Y. Y., Ng, W. L. D., Ng, J. C. A., Kwek, S. C., et al. (2026) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/84257
“Recommendations of sample size vary depending on the primary objective of the study, the feasibility parameter being evaluated, or clinical scale evaluation [63-66].”
Translation and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Charité Alarm Fatigue Questionnaire
Hu, W., Yang, X., Zhang, L. R., Yang, M., & Cao, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1723867
Endüstri 4.0’ın Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Benimsenmesi: Ölçek Geliştirme ve Ampirik Doğrulama
Düzgün, S. S., Özen, Ü., & Fındık, D. (2025) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
La técnica stop motion como mediadora del aprendizaje científico
Álvarez-Coto, G. G., Arana-Cuenca, A., & López, V. P. (2026) · El Guiniguada · doi:10.20420/elguiniguada.2026.830
FACTORS AFFECTING THE EMPLOYMENT COMPETITIVENESS OF VOCATIONAL STUDENTS MAJORING IN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF A VOCATIONAL COLLEGE IN GUANGXI, CHINA
Li, S. (2026) · The EUrASEANs journal on global socio-economic dynamics · doi:10.35678/2539-5645.11.1.2026.206
Effects of motivation and performance on comfort perception of sportswear
Bozkurt, T. M., & Özkan, E. T. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-40239-6
“The literature emphasizes that small sample sizes allow for more controlled observation of research variables and increase the precision of experimental processes 19,20 .”
Development of the cyberchondria severity scale in pregnancy (CSS-P)
Özer, E., & Güvenç, G. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-08833-8
“They were also asked to provide suggestions for improvement, including commenting on any difficulties they encountered in completing the scale and indicating any additional item statements they thought were missing or items that should be deleted [22, 23].”
Understanding healthcare professionals’ Experiences with expired and unused medication disposal and take-back initiatives: A pilot study in Sharjah, UAE
Mazroui, N. A., Kousa, N., Baldawi, M. M. A., Alsaeed, A. A. A., Ibrahim, R. M., Mazrouei, N. A., Ahmed, M. H., Saeed, A. A., & Badi, S. (2026) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2026.101754
Environmental Commitment Indicator Framework for Electric Vehicle Purchasing Based on a Survey: Methodological Framework and Implementation
Kovacs, J., & Garai-Fodor, H. M. (2026) · The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management · doi:10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw/521-2/2026.302
Knowledge and attitudes toward dengue fever among nurses and healthcare workers in Tabriz, Iran: a cross-sectional study
Abolfathpour, P., Dahouri, A., Hosseinzadeh, M., & Soheili, S. (2026) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2026.101031
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Functional Vision Scale for Adults
Temuçin, K., & Akı, E. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14070852
“The pilot sample size exceeded commonly recommended methodological minimums for initial testing and was therefore considered sufficient [21].”
HAKEM ALIŞTIRMA ALIŞKANLIKLARI FORMU (HAAF): YENİ BİR ÖLÇME ARACININ TANITIMI
Yaşli, B. Ç., Satman, M. C., Tuncel, O., & Karayiğit, R. (2026) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33689/spormetre.1815593
The role of servicescape and social interaction towards the experience of customers and employees in the café setting. A study in Vietnam.
Xuan, Q. T. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/feabea8czf4afz41c6zb1cez9903b7f51013
From visual attention to behavioural intention: A relational framework of culturally creative desserts in museum communication
Ke, Z., Meng, X., Xu, J., & Mustafa, M. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0347418
“Before the official release of the survey questionnaire, a pilot test was conducted to assess the clarity of items and their logical coherence [91,92].”
Environmental corporate social responsibility, citizenship behavior, and ethical climate: Drivers of female green entrepreneurial intention in Gilgit-Baltistan
Jan, S. Q., Junfeng, J., & Iqbal, M. B. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106781
The development and validation of the digital intelligence scale for students
Savarimuthu, J. R. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-14003-2 · Cited by 2
“This sample size exceeded the minimum recommended threshold of 30 participants for preliminary reliability testing (Johanson & Brooks, 2010).”
Feasibility and acceptability of pharmacist-led remote patient monitoring for carvedilol dose titration in clinically significant portal hypertension
Rodda, S. E., McAinch, C., Hunter, J., Saxby, E., Kirsa, S. W., Pianko, S., Bell, S., & Le, S. T. T. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-026-02151-x
“This helped support and explain the experimental findings and identify changes needed prior to wider implementation [24].”
Measuring student perceptions of AI-assisted academic communication: A questionnaire development study
Ibraeva, G. R., Sergeeva, O. V., ZHELTUKHINA, M. R., Gribova, Y. V., Kelina, K. G., & Sokolova, N. L. (2026) · Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies · doi:10.30935/ojcmt/18492
From Descriptive Experiences to Latent Dimensions: Scale Development of Work–Life Balance Among Generation Z Faculty in Higher Education Using an Exploratory Sequential Design
Tonido, K. J., & Laya, M. (2026) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.550803
Efficacy and safety of Shenqi Yangxin formula in patients with stable coronary artery disease based on CCTA: rationale, design, and study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Zhang, X., Liu, Y. H., Sun, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Guo, J., Ren, H., Liu, P., Wang, C., & Zhang, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1697750
“This study is an exploratory trial and does not require sample size calculations (44).”
Self-Efficacy as a Mediator Between Attitudes Toward Mathematics and Mathematics Achievement: A MASEM Approach
Pratama, R. A., & Kanadlı, S. (2026) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-026-10158-z
From privacy concerns to customer citizenship behavior: the mediating role of trust in medical beauty apps
Chen, L., Ahmad, S. N. B., Sondoh, S. L., & Lim, M. F. (2026) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2026.2666456
Sample Size Determination for Pilot Studies Based on Event Thresholds: A Framework for Evaluating Feasibility of Research Processes
Bujang, M. A. (2026) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176261447652
Analysis of perceived fairness, value congruence, and turnover intention nexus: the mediation - moderation of emotional exhaustion and perceived organization trust
Atingabili, S., Chen, H., Mensah, I. A., Arboh, F., Kewou, N. Y. N., & Tackie, E. A. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09523-6
“Specifically, according to Johanson and Brooks (2010) and Hertzog ( 2008 ) it is recommended to use approximately 10% of the intended sample size for the main study, as this proportion allows researchers to adequately test the feasibility, reliability and clarity of the research instrument while…”
How do employees cope with stressful work situations? Evidence from the Vietnamese construction context
Nguyen, M. T. H., Thuc, L. D., & Nguyen, T.-T.-H. (2026) · Engineering Construction & Architectural Management · doi:10.1108/ecam-09-2025-1579
Integrating Service Quality and Technology Acceptance for ChatGPT Adoption in Thailand: A Hybrid SEM-ANN ApproachPreprint
Namahoot, K. S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6828232
Where Does Theory of Change Break Down in Indonesia’s Creative Economy Governance? A Critical, Soft, and Drama Systems Lens
Putri, A. N. A., Hermawan, P., Mirzanti, I. R., Meadows, M., & Ashiru, F. Y. (2026) · Systemic Practice and Action Research · doi:10.1007/s11213-026-09767-0
“…and structure were guided by three considerations: pilot study recommenda - tions of 10 to 40 participants for testing methodological procedures (Johanson & Brooks, 2010 ); the principle of information power, by which smaller samples may be sufficient when participants hold specific expertise…”
Effectiveness of an anti-inflammatory diet intervention and cognitive behavioural therapy in endometriosis: protocol for a randomised controlled clinical trial
Huijs, E., van der Sman, L., Wirken, L., Delcliseur, H. S. M. J., Winter, E. G., de Roos, N. M., van der Molen, R. G., Oosterman, J. M., Viganò, P., Horne, A. W., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-116964
Pilot study of a community-based PM2.5 educational intervention: impacts on behavior, exposure, and pulmonary function
Kim, H. D., Park, M.-S., Kim, W., Lee, J., Lim, M. H., 채수미, Lee, D.-W., & Kim, H.-C. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27864-6 · Cited by 1
“According to Johanson and Brooks, although statistical power increases with sample size, the gain is not linear; therefore, they recommend approximately 30 participants per arm for feasibility studies [15].”
Beyond assessment: Exploring science literacy among Indonesian elementary students through contextual educational analysis
Hastuti, W. S., Putri, A. S., & Kusumah, S. A. (2026) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.29333/ejmste/18711
“Although relatively small, this pilot size is considered adequate for preliminary testing aimed at evaluating item clarity, administration procedures, and initial reliability, rather than for statistical generalization (Hertzog, 2008; Johanson & Brooks, 2010).”
Translation and psychometric testing of the Turkish version perspectives on caring for older patients scale among intensive care nurses
Eren, M. G., Koçer, S., & Sert, H. (2026) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2026.104132
Content and face validity of a food frequency questionnaire for the assessment of ultra-processed food consumption in the Italian adult population: a pilot study
Cardamone, E., Fiori, F., Carioni, G., Iacoponi, F., Rossi, L., Silano, M., Agrimi, U., & Parpinel, M. T. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1817542
“Although many studies consider a sample size of around 30 participants sufficient for similar pilot studies (14–16), the present study involved a convenience sample of 52 participants, providing a broader basis for preliminary evaluation.”
Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Reported Voice Disorders Among Palestinian University Faculty: Impact on Voice-Related Quality of Life
Dwikat, R. M. B., Subramaniam, P., Natour, Y. S., & Sharma, S. (2026) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2026.05.017
Turkish adaptation of the Real Relationship Inventory–Therapist Form: A validity and reliability study
Tatarhan, M., Erdem, A., & Erdem, Ş. (2026) · Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.46778/goputeb.1909888
Development, validity, and reliability of the pre-attendance conference evaluator (PACE) tool for identifying predatory conferences
Shukla, B., Sheth, M., Jani, J., Panda, A., Lakshmi, P., & Chari, D. N. (2026) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989621.2026.2691602
“The recommendations by Johanson and Brooks (Johanson and Brooks 2010) and the scale’s eventual objective of use by academics with varying levels of experience drove the decision regarding sample size estimation.”
The human firewall effect training and awareness as drivers of phishing mitigation and reporting behavior
Abdi, O. O. H., Jama, A. A., & Abdi, A. I. (2026) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2026.1837023
Systemic Cancer Therapy‐Related Adverse Drug Reactions and Associated Clinical Outcomes Among Lymphoma Patients at Kenyatta National Hospital
Mochere, I. K., & Degu, A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1155/jcpt/1766313
Digital Transformation for Engineering Construction SMEs: The Role of Transformational Leadership, Organizational Support, and Culture in Employees’ Behavioral Intention to Use Information Systems
Yang, Q., & Fang, B. (2026) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci16070302 · Cited by 1
The clinician's helpful and hindering uncertainty scale (CHUS). Development, factor structure, and initial validation
Stige, S. H., Rønnestad, M. H., Oddli, H. W., Doorn, K. A., Nissen‐Lie, H. A., & Visted, E. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2689630
Customer acceptance and objection of mobile AR shopping apps: a dual-path analysis
Vu, H. T. M., & Foroughi, B. (2026) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration · doi:10.1108/apjba-01-2026-0025
When screens overwhelm: how religiosity anchors student identity and social development
Mensah, E. G., Owusu, M., & Asante, E. F. (2026) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2026.2693444
Exploring factors that influence role transition from registered nurse to nurse practitioner in Quebec: a pre-implementation study using a cross-sectional survey design
McNamara, S., Cranley, L., Kilpatrick, K., & Parry, M. J. E. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-116695
“Johanson and Brooks 59 (2010) discussed sample sizes for revisions of existing scales.”
Not All Received Peer Feedback Is Equal: The Self‐Regulation Bridge Between Online Peer Feedback and Learning Outcomes
Zhang, E., Zhang, Z., Li, X., Li, J., & Liu, H. (2026) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1002/jcal.70288
Cultural Values, Psychological Readiness, and Policy Support: Explaining Perceived Venture Behaviour in Yogyakarta’s Heritage-Based Tourism Economy
Raharti, R., Andika, A., & Anisah, T. N. (2026) · Economics and Culture · doi:10.2478/jec-2026-0002
“The sample size aligns with methodological recommendations that 20–30 participants are sufficient to detect issues in wording, translation, and construct interpretation during instrument pretesting (Johanson & Brooks, 2010).”
Development and validation of the KAP-arbovirus survey: a new tool for assessing physician preparedness in endemic regions
Regalado-Gutiérrez, O. A., Carrión‐Nessi, F. S., Ocanto-Yztúriz, M. A., Ciaccio, L. M. R.-D., Rondón-Pérez, A. H., & Forero-Peña, D. A. (2026) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-026-15078-w
“This approach is considered appropriate for pilot studies focused on instrument validation, where the primary goal is to assess psychometric properties rather than population-level prevalence [18, 19].”
The technological edge: adoption of technology innovation and organizational performance
Abdelwahed, N. A. A., Soomro, F. A., Bano, S., & Doghan, M. A. A. (2026) · Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management · doi:10.1108/jstpm-10-2024-0394
Stakeholder Relationship Management in the Romanian IT Sector: A Pilot Assessment Using Stakeholder-Oriented Dimensions of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Excellence Model
UNGUREANU, C.-E., Fleacă, B., Dobrescu, R. M., & Fleacă, E. (2026) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems14070832
Psychological Well-Being of P-Hailing Workers among Youth in the Klang Valley: A Preliminary Study
Dahalan, D., Abdullah, H. B., Ma’rof, A. A., D’Silva, J. L., & Arshad, M. M. (2026) · Pertanika Journal of Youth and Community Development · doi:10.47836/pjycd.1.1.04
KESAHAN KONSTRUK DAN KEBOLEHPERCAYAAN INSTRUMEN SIKAP, PENGETAHUAN DAN KEMAHIRAN GURU DALAM PENGURUSAN DISIPLIN NORMA BAHARU SEKOLAH MENENGAH PEDALAMAN SABAH
Dulamit, C., & Dzulkifli, D. N. A. K. (2026) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Practices · doi:10.35631/ijepc.1163069
Development of the ITAKI II Fall Risk Assessment Scale and Evaluation of Its Psychometric Properties
Barış, V. K., İntepeler, Ş. S., Çelik, İ., Bektaş, M., ENGELOĞLU, Ş., & Kavak, D. G. (2026) · Etkili Hemşirelik Dergisi · doi:10.46483/jnef.1650796
Efficacy and safety of invasive laser acupuncture (650 and 830 nm) on knee osteoarthritis: A pilot randomized clinical trial
Jang, R., Yang, C., Kim, J., Nam, D., Shin, J.-C., Park, G.-C., Kang, B.-K., Shin, K.-M., & Kim, A.-R. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0353654
“In a three-arm pilot study, the adequate sample size is more than 12 [28,29].”
From Human to Hybrid: Artificial Intelligence and the Transformation of Language Services
Tavares, C., de Oliveira, L. G., & Neves, R. (2026) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc16080236
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, Environmental Concerns, and Barriers to Biodegradable Packaging Among University Students at Two Public Universities in Bangladesh: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Sultana, R., Naeem, J., Dey, N. R., Tayaba, M., Imran, S. M., & Roy, N. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72880
Development and Pilot Evaluation of the Nexora Model of Living Scale (NMLS): A Preliminary Assessment of a Multidimensional Well-Being InstrumentPreprint
Elliason, E. K., & Patheja, S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10530538/v1
Psychosocial profiles of bystander resuscitation among Macao residents: a latent profile analysis
Wong, K. K., Che, S. L., Mao, A., & Chao, K. K. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1867128
The Development of an Instrument to Measure Burnout Among Counselors-in-Training
Floyd, J. M., & Merlin‐Knoblich, C. (2026) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2026.2700722
Student-Team Collaboration Scale in Healthcare: A Scale Development Study
Akan, D. D., Demi̇rbağ, S., & Baysal, E. (2026) · Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.46413/boneyusbad.1667335
Enhancing Pragmatic Competence of Algerian EFL Master’s Students: Explicit Instruction of Request Speech Acts
Bara, N. (2026) · Interchange · doi:10.1007/s10780-026-09576-3
Logical construction of creative thinking in scientific cognition
Пернебекова, Д., Atash, B., Аскар, Л., & Amirkulova, Z. (2026) · Open Education Studies · doi:10.1515/edu-2025-0166
“The use of 30 participants was consistent with the minimum commonly applied in initial questionnaire-development pilot studies (Johanson and Brooks 2010).”
Beyond satisfaction: An exploratory analysis of a pilot assessment on the organizational impact of learning interactive virtual experiences in the Mexican context
Miranda-Becerra, J. N., García, R. C., Sánchez-García, J. P., Aguilar-Meza, J. P., & Vázquez‐Villegas, P. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103443
The Critical Success Factors Impacting Adoption of Cloud-Based Artificial Intelligence Applications In Saudi Higher Education
Aldahwan, N. S., Abdullah, R., & Alshehri, A. (2026) · International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Computer Science (ICECCS) · doi:10.1109/iceccs70432.2026.11651134
“A pilot study with 25 participants was conducted to test reliability [33], [34].”
Penggunaan ChatGPT dalam Pembelajaran Geografi Murid Tingkatan Tiga Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan di Daerah Lawas berdasarkan Analisis SWOT
Sunpiang, Y., & Amatan, M. A. (2026) · GEOGRAFI · doi:10.37134/geografi.vol14.1.4.2026
Effect of Students’ Attitude and Anxiety on Mathematics Achievements in the Schools of Kailali
Shrma, B. P. (2025) · Dinkum Journal of Social Innovations · doi:10.71017/djsi.4.08.d-0515
Perceptions of AI Readiness in Engineering: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Alignment Between Academia, Students, and Industry
Kremer, P. A., Kremer, S., & Kremer, G. E. O. (2026) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--60455
Sporda Şike Algısı Ölçeği (SŞAÖ): Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Ötkan, C. Ç. (2026) · Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.61962/bsd.1997267
Development and Initial Validation of an Expressive Vocabulary Test for Movement Concepts and Skills in Adults with Down syndrome
Sivvas, G., Emmanouılıdou, K., Pitsi, A., Masadis, G., Koufou, N., Filippou, K., Varsamis, P., Derri, V., & Filippou, F. (2026) · Participatory Educational Research · doi:10.17275/per.26.73.13.5
CONVINCED BUT UNPREPARED: A PILOT MEASUREMENT OF CYBERSECURITY PREPAREDNESS IN SLOVAK SMES
Sopko, J., & Šafár, L. (2026) · Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice · doi:10.55643/fcaptp.4.69.2026.5291
Determination of Barriers to Effective Forest Fire Combat from the Gendarmerie Personnel Perspective: A Structural Equation Modelling Evidence from Türkiye
Sevinç, Y., Gültekin, Y. S., & Deniz, T. (2026) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire9090374
“…there is no universally accepted sample size for pilot studies, previous methodological research suggests that pilot samples ranging from 20 to 40 participants are generally sufficient to evaluate questionnaire clarity, feasibility, and preliminary reliability prior to the main survey [39,41].”
AI-Based Health Symptom Checking, Self-Medication, Health Anxiety, and Physical Self-Efficacy Among College Students
Vargas, E., Ucat, S. D., & Matutinao, P. M. (2026) · Journal of interdisciplinary perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2026.336
Prioritizing key performance indicators for maintenance management in public hospitals: a hybrid SEM–machine learning approach
Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Au-Yong, C. P., Awang, N. A., Peng, Y., Woon, K. S., & Chow, M. F. (2026) · Engineering Construction & Architectural Management · doi:10.1108/ecam-04-2026-0602
Development and psychometric evaluation of the illustrated hospital fear scale for preschool children
Ayyıldız, T. K., Emiroğlu, K. A., & Özsavran, M. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261483885
Performance measurement dimensions in Jordanian private hospitals: organizational and environmental determinants using PLS-SEM
Aburumman, A. M., & Ilias, N. (2026) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/jhom-05-2026-0545
Bleisure tourism as a tool for increasing work motivation and job satisfaction among the Y and Z generations
Istijanović, L., Kopuz, D., & Lakić, N. (2026) · Zbornik radova Departmana za geografiju turizam i hotelijerstvo · doi:10.5937/zbdght2601054i
“The to - tal sample included 123 participants, which exceeded the commonly suggested pilot sample sizes in social science research (Johanson & Brooks, 2010).”
Academic burnout, fear of failure, and academic grit as predictors of academic life satisfaction among pre-service mathematics teachers
Vergara, C. R. (2026) · International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2026.07.025
Is high-arousal language always persuasive? The role of congruence between verbal and nonverbal cues in virtual live streaming
Lu, X., & Xu, L. (2026) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2026.101639
How generative AI shapes eco-friendly accommodation choices
Foroughi, B. (2026) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-03-2026-0332
YAPAY ZEKA KABUL ÖLÇEĞİNİN TÜRKÇEYE UYARLANMASI: HEKİMLER ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA
UYANIK, K. C., & TARCAN, G. Y. (2026) · Hacettepe sağlık idaresi dergisi · doi:10.61859/hacettepesid.1890465
Activities of Daily Living Inventory (ADLI): Translation, adaptation, and preliminary psychometric properties in a sample of French older adults screening positive and negative for neurocognitive impairment
Rondot-Rude, V., Caldas, J. C., Pointoux, M., & Pinto, J. O. (2026) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2026.2734786
The Role of Local Religious Centers to Alleviate Poverty and Inequality: From Religious Practice to Spiritual Empowerment
T.M.S.P.K., T., Ulluwishewa, R., Peiris, I. K., U.H, K., Wijesekara, P. D., & Paranamana, G. K. (2026) · OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development · doi:10.64211/oidaijsd190920
Formative and Reflective Measurement Models in Workplace Learning Research: A Critical Review and Guidelines
Guggemos, J., & Göller, M. (2026) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.70032
Differential associations of the timing and amount of social media use with sleep quality and academic performance among undergraduate medical and dental students in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study
Atif, K., Ahmad, A., Khan, A. U., Khan, A., Ullah, A., Amjad, M. U., Khan, M. T., Kakakhel, M., Qasim, M., Shakoor, M. T. B., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1968305 · Cited by 1
“The questionnaire was pilot-tested on 36 students, approximately 10% of the intended analytic sample, meeting the accepted guidance for pilot work of this kind (32, 33).”
When exclusion silences employees: a social identity perspective on ostracism, defensive cognitions, and perceptual politics
Tahir, M. Z., & Mughal, F. (2026) · Strategy and Leadership · doi:10.1108/sl-05-2026-0252
Developing a survey tool to assess gendered violence and mental health burden in migrants living in precarity
Adsul, N., Aziz, R., Sivakami, M., Bhui, K. S., & Kapilashrami, A. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120912
Artificial Intelligence and Competitive Performance: The Quality Management Mechanism from a Cross-Boundary Ambidexterity Perspective
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Zhang, Z., & Yang, Y. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16199774
Streaming culture, tasting Korea: K-dramas and U.S. consumers’ intentions to dine at Korean restaurants
Jung, Y.-J. (2026) · International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2026.101687
Exploring Fitness Tracker Continuance Intention among Generation Z Using Technology Continuance Theory
Nugroho, M. A., Saputra, M., & Panduwiyasa, H. (2026) · International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS) · doi:10.1109/iciss71466.2026.11715281
Evaluation of key competencies for transformation towards sustainability in vocational students’ new normal era
Chianchana, C., Korakotjintanakarn, P., & Swangjang, S. (2026) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e45568
Can User Awareness through Visual Feedback increase the Tolerable Delay in VoIP Calls?
Thou, H., Dutta, A. K., Raman, B., & Rajamanickam, V. (2026) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/3821581.3833131
From Multisensory Experience to District-Level Branding-Related Outcomes: A Comparative Study of Tourists and Residents in the Adaptive Reuse of an Industrial Heritage District
Wang, X., Kim, Y. G., Ding, X., & Zhen, Z. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su182010307
Parental Phubbing and Preschoolers’ Eating Problems: The Roles of Family Cohesion and Parental Dispositional Mindfulness in Picky Eating and Problematic Mealtime Behaviors
Chen, Y., Liang, R., & Zhang, L. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16101875
“Prior to the main survey, the questionnaire was pilot‑ tested with 30 parents from the target population using the same online administration format, consistent with commonly cited recommendations for preliminary questionnaire pilot testing (Johanson & Brooks, 2010).”
The Paradox of Honors and Low Achievement: An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Study of Assessment Literacy and Mass Promotion among Grade 5 Teachers in the Philippines
Ferriols, A. C. (2026) · QualiSearch Journal of Educational Research and Practice · doi:10.66437/qjerp.v2i10.034
Preliminary Reliability and Validity of Asynchronous Speech Screening to Support Clinical Triage for Children With Cleft Palate and Velopharyngeal Dysfunction
Mason, K. N., Dillon, K., Arzbecker, L. J., & Kotlarek, K. J. (2026) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2026_ajslp-26-00250
The current state of technology integration in teaching and learning in Ethiopian public applied universities
Bedada, D., Ferede, B., & Debelo, D. B. (2026) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-026-02284-1
“This sample size aligns with the recommendation in the previous literature, which suggests that a pilot study should represent approximately 10% [51].”
The influence of AI adoption on decision making, forecasting, and performance: Evidence from solar and telecommunication sectors in Pakistan and China
Quaid, M. (2026) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2026.102237
Development and preliminary validation of a household laundering Behaviour questionnaire and framework for estimating potential washing-machine-derived microfibre release through household wastewater pathways: implications for aquatic environments
Praveena, S. M., Aris, A. Z., & Nafisyah, A. L. (2026) · Aquatic Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10452-026-10374-3

Authors: Johanson, G. A., & Brooks, G. P.
Affiliations: Ohio University (US)
Corresponding author: Johanson, George A.
ORCID: Johanson, George A.
Brooks, Gordon P.
Venue: Educational and Psychological Measurement
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-12-18
Volume: 70
Issue: 3
Pages: 394-400
ISSN: 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
1552-3888
DOI: 10.1177/0013164409355692
OpenAlex: W1984294110
Cited by: 1,012
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 134 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 9.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Keywords: pilot study, sample size determination, scale development, instrument development, item difficulty, item discrimination, internal consistency, response rate, parameter estimation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Initial Scale Development: Sample Size for Pilot Studies

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks