Depression, anxiety, and stress and socio-demographic correlates among general Indian public during COVID-19
Abstract
Background: The severe outbreak of COVID-19 has affected the mental health of Indians. Aim: The objective of this article was to find the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety and stress and their socio-demographic correlates among Indian population during the lockdown to contain the spread of COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an electronic questionnaire. A total of 354 participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Depression, anxiety and stress were measured using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), a 21-item self-reported questionnaire. Results: In total, 25%, 28% and 11.6% of the participants were moderate to extremely severely depressed, anxious and stressed, respectively. Binary logistic regressions indicated employment status (odds ratio (OR) = 1.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.072–3.418) and binge drinking (OR = 2.03; 95% CI: 1.045–3.945) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms; gender (OR = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.317–3.589), employment status (OR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.002–3.141) and binge drinking (OR = 2.62; 95% CI: 1.361–5.048) were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms; and binge drinking (OR = 3.42; 95% CI: 1.544–7.583) was significantly associated with stress symptoms. Conclusion: Depression, anxiety and stress among Indian population during the lockdown were prevalent. Along with other measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, mental health of citizens needs the urgent attention of the Indian government and mental health experts. Further large-scale studies should be conducted on different professions and communities such as health care professionals and migrant workers and incorporate other mental health indicators.
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COVID-19 is increasing exponentially in many regions, with documented negative mental health impacts in the United States, India, and Europe.
“COVID-19 is increasing exponentially in many regions, with documented negative mental health impacts in the United States (e.g., Fitzpatrick et al., 2020), India (e.g., Verma & Mishra, 2020) and Europe (e.g., Gonzalez-Sanguino et al., 2020).”
From Unguided low intensity cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomised trial (2021) · cites this paper as Verma & Mishra, 2020
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- Authors
- Verma, S., & Mishra, A.
- Affiliations
- O. P. Jindal Global University (IN)
- Rashtriya Raksha University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Verma, Shankey
- Venue
- International Journal of Social Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-06-20
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 756-762
- ISSN
- 0020-7640 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2854
- OpenAlex
- W3036318215
- Cited by
- 356
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 28
- FWCI
- 30.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Social Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, depression, anxiety, stress, mental health, lockdown, sociodemographic correlates, binge drinking, employment status, gender differences, Indian population, DASS-21
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, India, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Isolation, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics, Binge Drinking
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