Results of the COVID-19 mental health international for the general population (COMET-G) study
Open accessAbstract
Introduction There are few published empirical data on the effects of COVID-19 on mental health, and until now, there is no large international study.Material and methods During the COVID-19 pandemic, an online questionnaire gathered data from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively.Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square tests, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analyses and Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested relations among variables.Results Probable depression was detected in 17.80% and distress in 16.71%. A significant percentage reported a deterioration in mental state, family dynamics and everyday lifestyle. Persons with a history of mental disorders had higher rates of current depression (31.82% vs. 13.07%). At least half of participants were accepting (at least to a moderate degree) a non-bizarre conspiracy. The highest Relative Risk (RR) to develop depression was associated with history of Bipolar disorder and self-harm/attempts (RR = 5.88). Suicidality was not increased in persons without a history of any mental disorder. Based on these results a model was developed.Conclusions The final model revealed multiple vulnerabilities and an interplay leading from simple anxiety to probable depression and suicidality through distress. This could be of practical utility since many of these factors are modifiable. Future research and interventions should specifically focus on them.
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The COVID-19 pandemic had an ongoing impact on mental health one year after its onset.
“Studies conducted 1 year on from the onset of the pandemic have shown that its impact on mental health was on-going (Benke et al., 2022; Bourmistova et al., 2022; Fountoulakis et al., 2022)”
From Social connections combat loneliness and promote wellbeing among college students coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic (2025) · cites this paper as Fountoulakis et al., 2022
The Method section (page unavailable) says data were collected from April 2020 through March 2021, and the Results report increased anxiety and depressive feelings among participants. This supports a mental-health impact during a study that extended to roughly one year after the pandemic began, but the paper does not separately establish that the impact was ongoing at the one-year point. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Well-being, resilience and post-traumatic growth in the era of Covid-19 pandemic
Gonda, X., & Tarazi, F. I. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.08.266 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationCan we expect a rise in suicide rates after the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak?
Pompili, M. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.05.011 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Role of Conspiracy Theories in the Spread of COVID-19 across the United States
Гу, Ф., Wu, Y., Hu, X., Guo, J., Yang, X., & Zhao, X. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073843 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., McKay, D., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Montag, C. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1878158 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Impact of COVID-19 on Depressive Symptoms through the Lens of Sexual Orientation
Duarte, M., & Pereira, H. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11040523 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Suicide in the COVID-19 pandemic: What we learnt and great expectations
Courtet, P., & Olié, É. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Modern Health Worries in Patients with Affective Disorders. A Pilot Study
Freyler, A., Simor, P., Szemerszky, R., Szabolcs, Z., & Köteles, F. G. (2019) · Ideggyógyászati Szemle · doi:10.18071/isz.72.0337 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Covid-19, anxiety, and anxiety-related disorders
Fullana, M. A., & Littarelli, S. A. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.05.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
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- Ozdin S. Bayrak Ozdin S. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: the importance of gender Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 66 2020 504 511 32380879 PMC7405629
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cipolletta, S., Ronconi, L., & Tomaino, S. C. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529795 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fountoulakis, K. N., Karakatsoulis, G., Abraham, S., Adorjan, K., Ahmed, H. U., Alarcón, R. D., Arai, K., Auwal, S. S., Berk, M., Bjedov, S., Bobes, J., Bobes-Bascaran, T., Bourgin-Duchesnay, J., Bredicean, C. A., Bukelskis, L., Burkadze, A., Abud, I. I. C., Castilla-Puentes, R., Cetkovich, M., Colon-Rivera, H., Corral, R., Cortez-Vergara, C., Crepin, P., De Berardis, D., Zamora Delgado, S., De Lucena, D., De Sousa, A., Stefano, R. D., Dodd, S., Elek, L. P., Elissa, A., Erdelyi-Hamza, B., Erzin, G., Etchevers, M. J., Falkai, P., Farcas, A., Fedotov, I., Filatova, V., Fountoulakis, N. K., Frankova, I., Franza, F., Frias, P., Galako, T., Garay, C. J., Garcia-Álvarez, L., García-Portilla, M. P., Gonda, X., Gondek, T. M., González, D. M., Gould, H., Grandinetti, P., Grau, A., Groudeva, V., Hagin, M., Harada, T., Hasan, M. T., Hashim, N. A., Hilbig, J., Hossain, S., Iakimova, R., Ibrahim, M., Iftene, F., Ignatenko, Y., Irarrazaval, M., Ismail, Z., Ismayilova, J., Jacobs, A., Jakovljević, M., Jakšić, N., Javed, A., Kafali, H. Y., Karia, S., Kazakova, O., Khalifa, D., Khaustova, O., Koh, S., Kopishinskaia, S., Kosenko, K., Koupidis, S. A., Kovacs, I., Kulig, B., Lalljee, A., Liewig, J., Majid, A., Malashonkova, E., Malik, K., Malik, N. I., Mammadzada, G., Mandalia, B., Marazziti, D., Marčinko, D., Martinez, S., Matiekus, E., Mejia, G., Memon, R. S., Martínez, X. E. M., Mickevičiūtė, D., Milev, R., Mohammed, M., Molina-López, A., Morozov, P., Muhammad, N. S., Mustač, F., Naor, M. S., Nassieb, A., Navickas, A., Okasha, T., Pandova, M., Panfil, A.-L., Panteleeva, L., Papava, I., Patsali, M. E., Pavlichenko, A., Pejuskovic, B., Pinto Da Costa, M., Popkov, M., Popovic, D., Raduan, N. J. N., Ramírez, F. V., Rancans, E., Razali, S., Rebok, F., Rewekant, A., Flores, E. N. R., Rivera-Encinas, M. T., Saiz, P., de Carmona, M. S., Martínez, D. S., Saw, J. A., Saygili, G., Schneidereit, P., Shah, B., Shirasaka, T., Silagadze, K., Sitanggang, S., Skugarevsky, O., Spikina, A., Mahalingappa, S. S., Stoyanova, M., Szczegielniak, A., Tamasan, S. C., Tavormina, G., Tavormina, M. G. M., Theodorakis, P. N., Tohen, M., Tsapakis, E. M., Tukhvatullina, D., Ullah, I., Vaidya, R., Vega-Dienstmaier, J. M., Vrublevska, J., Vukovic, O., Vysotska, O., Widiasih, N., Yashikhina, A., Prezerakos, P. E., & Smirnova, D.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Shinshu University (JP)
- Barwon Health (AU)
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb (HR)
- Universidad de Oviedo (ES)
- Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara (RO)
- Vilnius University (LT)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (AR)
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (PE)
- University of Indonesia (ID)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Medical University of Sofia (BG)
- Bogomolets National Medical University (UA)
- Hospital de Magalhães Lemos (PT)
- Kyrgyz State Medical Academy (KG)
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (MX)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna (CL)
- University of Tsukuba (JP)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry St. Naum (BG)
- Jahangirnagar University (BD)
- Queen's University (CA)
- Ain Shams University (EG)
- Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (CL)
- Universiti Teknologi MARA System (MY)
- Westchester Medical Center (US)
- New York Medical College (US)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Lund University (SE)
- Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital and Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College (IN)
- Kirov State Medical Academy (RU)
- Odessa National Medical University (UA)
- University of West Attica (GR)
- Semmelweis University (HU)
- University of Sargodha (PK)
- Azerbaijan Medical University (AZ)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Dow University of Health Sciences (PK)
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RU)
- Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (NG)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Spitalul Clinic Judeţean de Urgenţă "Pius Brînzeu" Timişoara (RO)
- Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after B.N. Yeltsin (KG)
- Hellenic Open University (GR)
- International Higher School of Medicine (KG)
- University of L'Aquila (IT)
- National Autonomous University of Honduras (HN)
- Universidad de San Martín de Porres (PE)
- Klinikum am Weissenhof (DE)
- DY Patil Deemed to be University (IN)
- Teine Keijinkai Hospital (JP)
- Belarusian State Medical University (BY)
- St.Petersburg V.M.Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute (RU)
- Royal Derby Hospital (GB)
- Medical University of Silesia (PL)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (DK)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Gandhara University (PK)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Samara State Medical University (RU)
- University of Peloponnese (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Karakatsoulis, Grigorios
- ORCID
- Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N
- Karakatsoulis, Grigorios
- Abraham, Seri
- Adorjan, Kristina
- Ahmed, Helal Uddin
- Alarcón, Renato D.
- Berk, Michael
- Bjedov, Sarah
- Bobes, Julio
- Bobes-Bascaran, Teresa
- Burkadze, Akaki
- Castilla-Puentes, Ruby
- Cetkovich, Marcelo
- Corral, Ricardo
- Cortez-Vergara, Carla
- De Berardis, Domenico
- De Lucena, David
- Stefano, Ramona Di
- Dodd, Seetal
- Elissa, Anna
- Erdelyi-Hamza, Berta
- Etchevers, Martin J.
- Falkai, Peter
- Farcas, Adriana
- Fedotov, Ilya
- Fountoulakis, Nikolaos K.
- Frankova, Iryna
- Franza, Francesco
- Frias, Pedro
- Galako, Tatiana
- Garay, Cristian J.
- García-Portilla, Maria Paz
- Gonda, Xenia
- Gondek, Tomasz M.
- González, Daniela Morera
- Gould, Hilary
- Grandinetti, Paolo
- Groudeva, Violeta
- Harada, Takayuki
- Hasan, M. Tasdik
- Hashim, Nurul Azreen
- Hilbig, Jan
- Hossain, Sahadat
- Iakimova, Rossitza
- Ibrahim, Mona
- Iftene, Felicia
- Ismail, Zaliha
- Ismayilova, Jamila
- Jakšić, Nenad
- Javed, Afzal
- Kafali, Helin Yilmaz
- Karia, Sagar
- Kazakova, Olga
- Khalifa, Doaa
- Khaustova, Olena
- Koh, Steve
- Kosenko, Korneliia
- Koupidis, Sotirios A.
- Majid, Abdul
- Malik, Khamelia
- Malik, Najma Iqbal
- Mammadzada, Gulay
- Marazziti, Donatella
- Marčinko, Darko
- Martinez, Stephanie
- Memon, Roha Saeed
- Mickevičiūtė, Dalia
- Milev, Roumen
- Mohammed, Muftau
- Molina-López, Alejandro
- Morozov, Petr
- Muhammad, Nuru Suleiman
- Mustač, Filip
- Naor, Mika S.
- Okasha, Tarek
- Pandova, Milena
- Panfil, Anca-Livia
- Panteleeva, Liliya
- Papava, Ion
- Patsali, Mikaella E.
- Pavlichenko, Alexey
- Pinto Da Costa, Mariana
- Popovic, Dina
- Raduan, Nor Jannah Nasution
- Rancans, Elmars
- Razali, Salmi
- Rebok, Federico
- Rivera-Encinas, María Teresa
- Saiz, Pilar
- Saw, Jo Anne
- Saygili, Görkem
- Schneidereit, Patricia
- Shirasaka, Tomohiro
- Skugarevsky, Oleg
- Spikina, Anna
- Mahalingappa, Sridevi Sira
- Szczegielniak, Anna
- Tamasan, Simona Claudia
- Tavormina, Giuseppe
- Tavormina, Maurilio Giuseppe Maria
- Tohen, Mauricio
- Tsapakis, Eva Maria
- Tukhvatullina, Dina
- Ullah, Irfan
- Vaidya, Ratnaraj
- Vega-Dienstmaier, Johann M.
- Vysotska, Olga
- Yashikhina, Anna
- Smirnova, Daria
- Venue
- European Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 54
- Pages
- 21-40
- ISSN
- 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8609892
- OpenAlex
- W3206082612
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 19.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Touro Scholar (Touro College) (submittedVersion)
- Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, depression, psychological distress, suicidality, conspiracy beliefs, bipolar disorder, self-harm, history of mental illness, anxiety, family dynamics, lifestyle modification
- MeSH terms
- Global Burden of Disease, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Stress, Psychological, Pandemics, Suicidal Ideation
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