Acute mental health responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The acute and long-term mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are unknown. The current study examined the acute mental health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 5070 adult participants in Australia, using an online survey administered during the peak of the outbreak in Australia (27th March to 7th April 2020). Self-report questionnaires examined COVID-19 fears and behavioural responses to COVID-19, as well as the severity of psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress), health anxiety, contamination fears, alcohol use, and physical activity. 78% of respondents reported that their mental health had worsened since the outbreak, one quarter (25.9%) were very or extremely worried about contracting COVID-19, and half (52.7%) were worried about family and friends contracting COVID-19. Uncertainty, loneliness and financial worries (50%) were common. Rates of elevated psychological distress were higher than expected, with 62%, 50%, and 64% of respondents reporting elevated depression, anxiety and stress levels respectively, and one in four reporting elevated health anxiety in the past week. Participants with self-reported history of a mental health diagnosis had significantly higher distress, health anxiety, and COVID-19 fears than those without a prior mental health diagnosis. Demographic (e.g., non-binary or different gender identity; Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status), occupational (e.g., being a carer or stay at home parent), and psychological (e.g., perceived risk of contracting COVID-19) factors were associated with distress. Results revealed that precautionary behaviours (e.g., washing hands, using hand sanitiser, avoiding social events) were common, although in contrast to previous research, higher engagement in hygiene behaviours was associated with higher stress and anxiety levels. These results highlight the serious acute impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of respondents, and the need for proactive, accessible digital mental health services to address these mental health needs, particularly for those most vulnerable, including people with prior history of mental health problems. Longitudinal research is needed to explore long-term predictors of poor mental health from the COVID-19 pandemic.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated the increase in health anxiety, with health anxiety and fears of COVID-19 being common.
“This increase has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, where health anxiety and fears of COVID-19 were common [10].”
From Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
The Discussion reports elevated health anxiety during the pandemic, and the study reports that fears of contracting COVID-19 were common. It compares health-anxiety rates with earlier population estimates, but its cross-sectional survey does not establish that the pandemic further exacerbated an existing increase in health anxiety. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe sample is being recruited during the COVID-19 period, which is likely to elevate participants' levels of psychological distress and mental health symptoms.
“Finally, the sample is being recruited during the COVID-19 period, which is likely to elevate participants’ levels of psychological distress and mental health symptoms [54].”
From A mobile health intervention (LifeBuoy App) to help young people manage suicidal thoughts: protocol for a mixed-methods randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [54]
Although individuals with mental illness had higher levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety at the start of lockdown, they had the same trajectories over the subsequent weeks.
“Although we found that individuals with mental illness had higher levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety at the start of lockdown (which is echoed in COVID-19 studies33, 34, 35 from various countries), they had the same trajectories over the subsequent weeks.”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648 · Cited by 17,016 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM)
Leong, F. T. L. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412963978.n182 · Cited by 10,858 · see citing works
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923 · see citing works
Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies.
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955359 · Cited by 8,598 · see citing works
Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., Wu, J., Du, H., Chen, T., Li, R., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976 · Cited by 8,015 · see citing works
(1995) · Cited by 6,909 · see citing works
Bush, K. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789 · Cited by 6,196 · see citing works
Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Cohen Silver, R., Everall, I., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30168-1 · Cited by 5,715 · see citing works
Self-citationQiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 · Cited by 4,307 · see citing works
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954 · Cited by 3,736 · see citing works
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028 · Cited by 2,571 · cited 3× · see citing works
“, hand hygiene, wearing a mask) have been associated with lower distress 79 (8, 12).”
BackgroundMethodDepression Anxiety Stress Scales
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t01004-000 · Cited by 2,416 · see citing works
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 · Cited by 2,380 · see citing works
Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17093165 · Cited by 1,899 · see citing works
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2003) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466503321903544 · Cited by 1,756 · see citing works
AUDIT‐C as a Brief Screen for Alcohol Misuse in Primary Care
Bradley, K. A., Rubinsky, A. D., Volk, R. J., Williams, E. C., Frank, D., & Kivlahan, D. R. (2007) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00403.x · Cited by 1,634 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072381 · Cited by 1,477 · see citing works
Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health
Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., Wiltink, J., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T., Lackner, K. J., et al. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x · Cited by 1,223 · see citing works
Liu, C. H., Zhang, E., Wong, G. T. F., Hyun, S., & Hahm, H. “. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak
Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors
Mak, I. W. C., Chu, C. M., Pan, P. C., Yiu, M. G. C., & Chan, V. L. (2009) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Andrews, G., Basu, A., Cuijpers, P., Craske, M. G., McEvoy, P., English, C. L., & Newby, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.01.001 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Self-citationOzamiz-Etxebarria, N., Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M., & Idoiaga-Mondragon, N. (2020) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00054020 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102211 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
The COVID-19 pandemic: the ‘black swan’for mental health care and a turning point for e-health
Wind, T. R., Rijkeboer, M., Andersson, G., & Riper, H. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100317 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Burns, G. L., Keortge, S. G., Formea, G. M., & Sternberger, L. G. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00035-6 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Moldofsky, H., & Patcai, J. (2011) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-11-37 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Depression, anxiety and stress among indians in times of Covid-19 lockdown.
Rehman, U., Shahnawaz, M. G., Khan, N. H., Kharshiing, K. D., Khursheed, M., Gupta, K., Kashyap, D., & Uniyal, R. (2021) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M., & Idoiaga-Mondragon, N. (2021) · SciELO journals · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14280665 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Psychological Predictors of Anxiety in Response to the H1N1 (Swine Flu) Pandemic
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Bults, M., Beaujean, D. J., de Zwart, O., Kok, G., van Empelen, P., van Steenbergen, J. E., Richardus, J. H., & Voeten, H. A. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-2 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Leung, G. M., Lam, T.-H., Ho, L.-M., Ho, S.-Y., Chan, B. H. Y., Wong, I. O. L., & Hedley, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.57.11.857 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Psychological effects of the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong on high-risk health care workers
Chua, S. E., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., McAlonan, G. M., Wong, J. W., Cheung, E. P., Chan, M. T., Wong, M. M., Tang, S. W., Choy, K. M., et al. (2004) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370404900609 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Self-citationSuicides associated with the 2008-10 economic recession in England: time trend analysis
Barr, B., Taylor-Robinson, D., Scott-Samuel, A., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5142 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Smith, L., Jacob, L., Yakkundi, A., McDermott, D., Armstrong, N. C., Barnett, Y., López-Sánchez, G. F., Martin, S., Butler, L., & Tully, M. A. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113138 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Verma, S., & Mishra, A. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020934508 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Varshney, M., Parel, J. T., Raizada, N., & Sarin, S. K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233874 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Faasse, K., & Newby, J. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.551004 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth anxiety in Australia: prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service use
Sunderland, M., Newby, J. M., & Andrews, G. (2013) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103960 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationRelated health factors of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Gómez-Salgado, J., Andrés-Villas, M., Domínguez-Salas, S., Díaz-Milanés, D., & Ruiz-Frutos, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17113947 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Stress and Psychological Impact on SARS Patients during the Outbreak
Chua, S. E., Cheung, V., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, C., Wong, J. W., Cheung, E. P., Chan, M. T., Wong, T. K., Choy, K. M., Chu, C. M., et al. (2004) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370404900607 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.20025395 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
The physical activity vital sign: a primary care tool to guide counseling for obesity
Greenwood, J. L. J., Joy, E. A., & Stanford, J. B. (2010) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.7.5.571 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Prevalence of health anxiety problems in medical clinics
Tyrer, P., Cooper, S., Crawford, M., Dupont, S., Green, J., Murphy, D., Salkovskis, P., Smith, G., Wang, D., Bhogal, S., et al. (2011) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.07.004 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Phua, D. H., Tang, H. K., & Tham, K. Y. (2005) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2005.tb01951.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Psychological Predictors of Health Anxiety in Response to the Zika Virus
Blakey, S. M., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-017-9514-y · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Bults, M., Beaujean, D., Richardus, J. H., & Voeten, H. A. C. M. (2015) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2014.160 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Psychological impact of COVID-19 in Spain: Early data report.
Rodríguez‐Rey, R., Garrido‐Hernansaiz, H., & Collado, S. (2020) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000943 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Cerami, C., Santi, G. C., Galandra, C., Dodich, A., Cappa, S. F., Vecchi, T., & Crespi, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00556 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
A Systematic Review on Health Resilience to Economic Crises
Glonti, K., Gordeev, V. S., Goryakin, Y., Reeves, A., Stückler, D., McKee, M., & Roberts, B. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123117 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Hedman, E., Axelsson, E., Andersson, E., Lekander, M., & Ljótsson, B. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.181396 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Psychological effects and associated factors of COVID-19 in a Mexican sample
Cortés-Álvarez, N. Y., Piñeiro-Lamas, R., & Vuelvas-Olmos, C. R. (2020) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.215 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-17172/v1 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Newby, J. M., Smith, J., Uppal, S., Mason, E., Mahoney, A. E. J., & Andrews, G. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000248 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Proactive treatment of health anxiety with digital interventions may also be needed should these symptoms persist [53, 54].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKochhar, A. S., Bhasin, R., Kochhar, G. K., Dadlani, H., Mehta, V. V., Kaur, R., & Bhasin, C. K. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102213 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Asmundson, G. J. G., Carleton, R. N., Bovell, C. V., & Taylor, S. J. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.22.2.87 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Faasse, K., & Newby, J. M. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.20079996 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationDelaney, K. E., Lee, A. K., Lapham, G. T., Rubinsky, A. D., Chavez, L. J., & Bradley, K. A. (2014) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/1940-0640-9-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Do rates of depression vary by level of alcohol misuse in Australian general practice?
Hobden, B., Bryant, J., Sanson‐Fisher, R., Oldmeadow, C. J., & Carey, M. L. (2016) · Australian Journal of Primary Health · doi:10.1071/py16076 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [2]Harvey SB, Strudwick J, Petrie K, Gayed A, Santkar S, Counson I, et al Expected impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of health professionals. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from the current and previous pandemics. under review.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Bu, F. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30482-x · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works
The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19
Luchetti, M., Lee, J. H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000690 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Nochaiwong, S., Ruengorn, C., Thavorn, K., Hutton, B., Awiphan, R., Phosuya, C., Ruanta, Y., Wongpakaran, N., & Wongpakaran, T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89700-8 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Alcohol and other substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review
Roberts, A. D. L., Rogers, J., Mason, R., Siriwardena, A. N., Hogue, T. E., Whitley, G. A., & Law, G. R. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109150 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies
Santabárbara, J., Lasheras, I., Lipnicki, D. M., Bueno‐Notivol, J., Pérez-Moreno, M. A., López‐Antón, R., de la Cámara, C., Lobo, A., & Gracia‐García, P. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110207 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
OECD (2021) · OECD Health Policy Studies · doi:10.1787/4ed890f6-en · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older Adults: Rapid Review
Lebrasseur, A., Fortin-Bédard, N., Lettre, J., Raymond, É., Bussières, È.-L., Lapierre, N., Faieta, J. M., Vincent, C., Duchesne, L., Ouellet, M., et al. (2021) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/26474 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Adaptation of evidence‐based suicide prevention strategies during and after the COVID ‐19 pandemic
Wasserman, D., Iosue, M., Wuestefeld, A., & Carli, V. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20801 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Safe but Lonely? Loneliness, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms and COVID-19
Okruszek, Ł., Aniszewska-Stańczuk, A., Piejka, A., Wiśniewska, M., & Żurek, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579181 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Westrupp, E. M., Bennett, C., Berkowitz, T. S., Youssef, G. J., Toumbourou, J. W., Tucker, R., Andrews, F. J., Evans, S., Teague, S. J., Karantzas, G. C., et al. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01861-z · Cited by 258 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 on the lives and mental health of Australian adolescents
Li, S. H., Beames, J. R., Newby, J. M., Maston, K., Christensen, H., & Werner-Seidler, A. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01790-x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of Covid-19 on field and office workforce in construction industry
Pamidimukkala, A., & Kermanshachi, S. (2021) · Project Leadership and Society · doi:10.1016/j.plas.2021.100018 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
van der Velden, P. G., Contino, C., Das, M., van Loon, P., & Bosmans, M. W. G. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.026 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Pandemic Prevention: Lessons from COVID-19
Coccia, M. (2021) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia1020036 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Schmidt, R. A., Genois, R., Jin, J., Vigo, D., Rehm, J. T., & Rush, B. R. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109065 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Murphy, L., Markey, K., O' Donnell, C., Moloney, M., & Doody, O. (2021) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2021.05.002 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Robillard, R., Saad, M., Edwards, J. D., Solomonova, E., Pennestri, M., Daros, A. R., Veissière, S. P. L., Quilty, L. C., Dion, K., Nixon, A., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043805 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The Impact of Loneliness and Social Isolation on Cognitive Aging: A Narrative Review
Guarnera, J., Yuen, E., & Macpherson, H. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr-230011 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“As to be expected, studies have reported feelings of loneliness magnifying as a result of the extended restrictions and lack of social interactions [36, 37].”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 on healthcare activity in NSW, Australia
Sutherland, K., Chessman, J., Zhao, J., Sara, G. E., Shetty, A., Smith, S., Went, A., Dyson, S., & Lévesque, J. (2020) · Public Health Research & Practice · doi:10.17061/phrp3042030 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Stieger, S., Lewetz, D., & Swami, V. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00337-2 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis
Di Blasi, M., Gullo, S., Mancinelli, E., Freda, M. F., Esposito, G., Gelo, O. C. G., Lagetto, G., Giordano, C., Mazzeschi, C., Pazzagli, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Depression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Mechanism, and Treatment
Zhu, C., Zhang, T., Li, Q., Chen, X., & Wang, K. (2022) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-022-00970-2 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on alcohol use disorders and complications
Murthy, P., & Narasimha, V. L. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000720 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Coccia, M. (2023) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2023012 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health services: A systematic review
Duden, G. S., Gersdorf, S., & Stengler, K. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.08.013 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Robillard, R., Daros, A. R., Phillips, J. L., Porteous, M., Saad, M., Pennestri, M.-H., Kendzerska, T., Edwards, J. D., Solomonova, E., Bhatla, R., et al. (2021) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743720986786 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Marashi, M., Nicholson, E., Ogrodnik, M., Fenesi, B., & Heisz, J. J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239244 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Sara, G. E., Wu, J., Uesi, J., Jong, N. N., Perkes, I. E., Knight, K., O’Leary, F., Trudgett, C., & Bowden, M. R. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221082518 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Pirzadeh, P., & Lingard, H. C. (2021) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0002102 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Gonçalves, P. D., Moura, H. F., do Amaral, R. A., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Malbergier, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.581113 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Callinan, S., Mojica‐Perez, Y., Wright, C. C. J., Livingston, M., Kuntsche, S., Laslett, A., Room, R., & Kuntsche, E. N. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13200 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in individuals with pre-existing mental illness
Lewis, K. S., Lewis, C., Roberts, A., Richards, N. A., Evison, C., Pearce, H. A., Lloyd, K. R., Meudell, A., Edwards, B. M., Robinson, C., et al. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.25 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Xu, Y. Y., Su, S., Jiang, Z., Guo, S., Lu, Q.-D., Liu, L., Zhao, Y., Wu, P., Que, J., Shi, L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695017 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
School teachers: the forgotten frontline workers of Covid-19
Beames, J. R., Christensen, H. M., & Werner‐Seidler, A. (2021) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562211006145 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationANALISIS FAKTOR PENYEBAB PERCERAIAN PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS
Wijayanti, U. T. (2021) · Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen · doi:10.24156/jikk.2021.14.1.14 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Diaz, A. D., Baweja, R., Bonatakis, J., & Baweja, R. K. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i4.94 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Risk Factors Underlying COVID-19 Lockdown-Induced Mental Distress
Novotný, J., Gonzalez-Rivas, J. P., Kunzová, Š., Skladaná, M., Pospíšilová, A., Polcrova, A. B., Medina‐Inojosa, J. R., López-Jiménez, F. A., Geda, Y. E., & Stokin, G. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.603014 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
COVID-19 Fear, Resilience, Social Support, Anxiety, and Suicide among College Students in Spain
Rodríguez, J. M., Caravaca-Sánchez, F., & Fernández-Prados, J. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158156 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mahoney, A., Li, I., Haskelberg, H., Millard, M., & Newby, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.116 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationUpton, E. L., Clare, P. J., Aiken, A., Boland, V. C., Torres, C. D., Bruno, R., Hutchinson, D. M., Kypri, K., Mattick, R. P., MCBRIDE, N. T., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001963 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Ren, Z., Zhou, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09723-0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Coco, G. L., Gentile, A., Bosnar, K., Milovanović, I., Bianco, A., Drid, P., & Pišot, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052586 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Changes in antidepressant use in Australia: A nationwide analysis (2015–2021)
Costa, J. D. O., Gillies, M. B., Schaffer, A. L., Peiris, D., Zoëga, H., & Pearson, S. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221079740 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Subjective wellbeing in parents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
Westrupp, E. M., Stokes, M. A., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Berkowitz, T. S., Capic, T., Khor, S., Greenwood, C. J., Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., Sciberras, E., Youssef, G. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110482 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Oswald, T. K., Rumbold, A. R., Kedzior, S. G. E., Kohler, M. J., & Moore, V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115630 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Brotto, L. A., Chankasingh, K., Baaske, A., Albert, A., Booth, A., Kaida, A., Smith, L., Racey, S., Gottschlich, A., Murray, M. C. M., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259676 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Hammad, M. A., & Alqarni, T. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248811 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bartlett, L., Buscot, M., Bindoff, A. D., Chambers, R., & Hassed, C. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724126 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Psychological distress during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chile: The role of economic uncertainty
Duarte, F., & Jiménez-Molina, Á. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251683 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Editorial: Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health
Bhatia, R. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000651 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Wielgus, B., Urban, W., Patriak, A., & Cichocki, Ł. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238764 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Similar studies were conducted in Spain [47] and Australia [48], where 78% of participants declared that they had been feeling worse since the outbreak started.”
ResultRelations between Child and Parent Fears and Changes in Family Functioning Related to COVID-19
Suffren, S., Dubois‐Comtois, K., Lemelin, J., St‐Laurent, D., & Milot, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041786 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Impact of COVID-19 First Wave on Psychological and Psychosocial Dimensions: A Systematic Review
Filindassi, V., Pedrini, C., Sabadini, C., Duradoni, M., & Guazzini, A. (2022) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid2030022 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sinha, C., Meheli, S., & Kadaba, M. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/41913 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The indirect impacts of COVID‐19 on Aboriginal communities across New South Wales
Follent, D., Paulson, C., Orcher, P., O’Neill, B. J., Lee, D., Briscoe, K., & Dimopoulos-Bick, T. L. (2021) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.50948 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Smallwood, N., Pascoe, A., Karimi, L., Bismark, M., & Willis, K. F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179263 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The association between COVID-19 related stressors and mental health in refugees living in Australia
Liddell, B. J., O'Donnell, M. L., Bryant, R. A., Murphy, S., Byrow, Y., Mau, V., McMahon, T., Benson, G., & Nickerson, A. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1947564 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Wong, B. Y.-M., Lam, T.-H., Lai, A. Y. K., Wang, M. P., & Ho, S. Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031217 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Clare, P. J., Aiken, A., Yuen, W. S., Upton, E. L., Kypri, K., Degenhardt, L. J., Bruno, R., McCambridge, J., MCBRIDE, N. T., Hutchinson, D. M., et al. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15599 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Pan, Y., & He, S. Y. (2022) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2022.03.015 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Rogers, S., & Cruickshank, T. M. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11767 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Satisfaction with Online Versus In-Person Yoga During COVID-19
Brinsley, J., Smout, M., & Davison, K. (2021) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2021.0062 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: are international students more affected?
Kivelä, L., Mouthaan, J., van der Does, W., & Antypa, N. (2024) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2037616 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Andrews, J. L., Li, M., Minihan, S., Songco, A., Fox, E., Ladouceur, C. D., Mewton, L., Moulds, M., Pfeifer, J. H., Van Harmelen, A.-L., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04734-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
L'Estrange, L., & Howard, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.929582 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sharrock, M. J., Mahoney, A. E. J., Haskelberg, H., Millard, M., & Newby, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102494 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationReigal, R. E., Páez-Maldonado, J. A., Brincones, J. L. P., Morillo-Baro, J. P., Hernández-Mendo, A., & Morales‐Sánchez, V. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13105444 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Use of telehealth mental health services during the COVID-19 pandemic
Jayawardana, D., & Gannon, B. (2021) · Australian Health Review · doi:10.1071/ah20325 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Walker, R., Usher, K. J., Jackson, D. W., Reid, C. L., Hopkins, K. D., Shepherd, C., Smallwood, R., & Marriott, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042141 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Health and healthcare for people with disabilities in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kavanagh, A. M., Hatton, C., Stancliffe, R. J., Aitken, Z., King, T. L., Hastings, R. P., Totsika, V., Llewellyn, G. M., & Emerson, E. (2021) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101171 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
COVID-19 Daily Realities for Families: A South African Sample
October, K. R., Petersen, L. R., Adebiyi, B. O., Rich, E. G., & Roman, N. V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010221 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Arcand, M., Bilodeau-Houle, A., Juster, R., & Marin, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1166154 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Elhadi, M., Alsoufi, A., Msherghi, A. A. A., Alshareea, E. A. A., Ashini, A., Nagib, T., Abuzid, N., Abodabos, S., Alrifai, H., Gresea, E., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.632496 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Armstrong, S. J., Porter, J. E., Larkins, J., & Mesagno, C. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08409-0 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Anxiety of Adolescents in Québec
Lane, J., Therriault, D., Dupuis, A., Gosselin, P., Smith, J., Ziam, S., Roy, M., Roberge, P., Drapeau, M., Morin, P., et al. (2021) · Child and Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-021-09655-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ugbolue, U. C., Duclos, M., Urzeală, C., Berthon, M., Kulik, K. S., Bota, A., Thivel, D., Bagheri, R., Gu, Y., Baker, J. S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9103352 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Carvacho, R., Morán, J., Miranda‐Castillo, C., Fernández-Fernández, V., Mora, B., Moya, Y., Pinilla, V., Toro, I., & Valdivia, C. (2021) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872021000300339 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mensinger, J. L., Brom, H. M., Havens, D. S., Costello, A., D’Annunzio, C., Durning, J. D., Bradley, P. K., Copel, L. C., Maldonado, L. T., Smeltzer, S. C., et al. (2021) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151517 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hedley, D., Hayward, S. M., Denney, K., Uljarević, M., Bury, S., Sahin, E., Brown, C. M., Clapperton, A., Dissanayake, C., Robinson, J., et al. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2614 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“, 2021), the potential for impact on mental health and wellbeing in Australia was substantial and borne out by research (Newby et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialXiao, X.-L., Xiao, J., Yao, J.-Q., Chen, Y., Saligan, L., Reynolds, N., & Wang, H.-H. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s277231 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Samuels, J., Holingue, C., Nestadt, P., Bienvenu, O., Phan, P. H. C., & Nestadt, G. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.064 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
COVID-19 and mental health in Australia – a scoping review
Zhao, Y., Leach, L., Walsh, E., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., Phillips, C. B., Olsen, A., Doan, T. T., LaBond, C., & Banwell, C. L. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13527-9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mougharbel, F., Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Heidinger, B. A., Corace, K., Hamilton, H. A., & Goldfield, G. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.680028 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sung, C., Chen, C., Fan, C., Chang, J., Hung, C., Fu, C.-M., Wong, L. P., Huang, E. P., & Lee, T. S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052184 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Muñoz‐Navarro, R., Vindel, A. C., Schmitz, F., Cabello, R., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981211014101 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stress-related emotional and behavioural impact following the first COVID-19 outbreak peak
Benjamin, A., Kuperman, Y., Eren, N., Rotkopf, R., Amitai, M., Rossman, H., Shilo, S., Meir, T., Keshet, A., Nuttman-Shwartz, O., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01219-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Vaughan, P., Lenette, C., & Boydell, K. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057393 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Richardson, C. G., Slemon, A., Gadermann, A., McAuliffe, C., Thomson, K., Daly, Z., Salway, T. J., Currie, L. M., David, A., & Jenkins, E. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24868 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Dikmen, M. (2021) · Bağımlılık Dergisi · doi:10.51982/bagimli.790750 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Essau, C. A., & de la Torre‐Luque, A. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110330 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Griffiths, D., Sheehan, L. R., Petrie, D., van Vreden, C., Whiteford, P., & Collie, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266650 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Dicker, B. L., Swain, A. H., Todd, V. F., Tunnage, B., McConachy, E., Drake, H., Brett, M. A., Spearing, D., & Howie, G. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044726 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Stubbs, J. M., Achat, H. M., & Schindeler, S. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07013-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions
Kikas, K., Werner-Seidler, A., Upton, E., & Newby, J. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01507-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“This increase has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, where health anxiety and fears of COVID-19 were common [10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKassaw, C. (2020) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s256551 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Fassnacht, D. B., Ali, K., van Agteren, J. E., Iasiello, M. P., Mavrangelos, T., Furber, G., & Kyrios, M. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/37292 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nature experience from yards provide an important space for mental health during Covid-19
Lin, B. B., Chang, C., Astell‐Burt, T., Feng, X., Gardner, J., & Andersson, E. (2023) · npj Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s42949-023-00094-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Psychological Responses According to Gender during the Early Stage of COVID-19 in Spain
del Río-Casanova, L., Sánchez-Martín, M., García-Dantas, A., González, A., & Justo-Alonso, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073731 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Petrie, K., Baldwin, P. A., Crawford, J., & Harvey, S. B. (2021) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/1753-6405.13078 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Precht, L.-M., Stirnberg, J., Margraf, J., & Brailovskaia, J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100316 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Newby, J. M., O’Moore, K., Tang, S., Christensen, H., & Faasse, K.
- Affiliations
- Black Dog Institute (AU)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Newby, Jill M.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-07-28
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e0236562
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7386645
- OpenAlex
- W3046129790
- Cited by
- 471
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 162 · 2020: 34
- FWCI
- 39.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HRB National Drugs Library (Health Research Board) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological distress, depression, anxiety, stress, health anxiety, fear of contamination, fear of COVID-19, preventive behavior, hygiene practices, loneliness, financial worry, uncertainty, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, non-binary gender identity, caregivers, stay-at-home parents, digital mental health services, Australia
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Adult, Anxiety, Australia, Depression, Fear, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
