A dictator’s toolkit

Frantz, Erica; Kendall-Taylor, Andrea

doi:10.1177/0022343313519808

Cited by 266Political Conflict and GovernanceMemory, violence, and historyInternational Relations and Foreign Policy

A dictator’s toolkit

Frantz, Erica, Kendall-Taylor, Andrea·2014·Journal of Peace Research

DOI 10.1177/0022343313519808

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Abstract

A dictator’s motivation for using repression is fairly clear, but why some repress more than others or favor particular types of repressive strategies is less obvious. Using statistical analysis, this article demonstrates that a dictator’s reliance on co-optation fundamentally alters how repression is used. Specifically, it finds that co-optation through the use of political parties and a legislature creates incentives that lead dictators to decrease empowerment rights restrictions, like censorship, while increasing physical integrity rights violations, like torture and political imprisonment. This occurs because, by creating parties and a legislature, a dictator draws his potential opposition out of the general public and into state institutions, making it easier to identify who these opponents are, to monitor their activities, and to gauge the extent of their popular support. This reduces the need to impose broad types of repressive measures, like empowerment rights restrictions, that breed discontent within the overall population. At the same time, co-optation creates the risk that rivals, once co-opted, will use their positions within the system to build their own bases of support from which to seek the dictator’s overthrow, generating incentives for dictators to increase physical integrity violations to limit the threat posed by these individuals.

Integrity signals

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“In the tests that follow, we evaluate the effect of cooptation on future (as opposed to contemporaneous) levels of repression because research has indicated that changes in institutions of governance often take a few years to impact policy outcomes (Bueno de Mesquita et al., 2003).”
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Authors: Frantz, E., & Kendall-Taylor, A.
Affiliations: Bridgewater State University (US)
Government of the United States of America (US)
Corresponding author: Kendall-Taylor, Andrea
ORCID: Frantz, Erica
Venue: Journal of Peace Research
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2014-03-20
Volume: 51
Issue: 3
Pages: 332-346
ISSN: 0022-3433 (ISSN-L)
1460-3578
DOI: 10.1177/0022343313519808
OpenAlex: W2070733498
Cited by: 266
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 35.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Peace Research (publishedVersion)
Journal of international women's studies (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Memory, violence, and history
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
Keywords: dictatorship, repression, co-optation, political parties, legislatures, censorship, torture, political imprisonment, physical integrity rights

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A dictator’s toolkit

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