Racism Stress Management: Racial Socialization Beliefs and the Experience of Depression and Anger in African American Youth
Abstract
The psychological effects of living in a racially hostile context are multiple. African American adolescents who respond to racial intolerance with anger and depression are silenced and vulnerable to misinterpretation and misdiagnosis. Adolescents who believe the African American family has the responsibility of raising children to be aware of societal hostilities and cultural strengths are the focus of this article. Gender differences were found, and results suggest that beliefs in various types of racial socialization differentially contribute to positive psychological outcomes for adolescents. A cultural ecological framework is used to discuss the resilience and risk of anger expression.
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The findings support theories proposing that African American adolescents who lack understanding of racism and their cultural heritage may be less able to cope effectively with racism.
“Taken together, these results support theories that suggest that African American adolescents who do not understand racism and their unique cultural heritage may be handicapped in terms of their ability to cope effectively with racism (Stevenson et al., 1997).”
From Perceived Racial Discrimination and Self-Esteem in African American Youth: Racial Socialization as a Protective Factor (2007) · cites this paper as Stevenson et al., 1997
Some studies have found that parental preparation for bias is positively related to higher academic functioning, self-efficacy, and fewer depressive symptoms in adolescents.
“Some studies have found that parental preparation for bias is positively related to higher academic functioning, self-efficacy, and fewer depressive symptoms in adolescents (Bowman & Howard, 1985; Hughes & Chen, 1999; Stevenson et al., 1997).”
From Perceived Racial Discrimination and Self-Esteem in African American Youth: Racial Socialization as a Protective Factor (2007) · cites this paper as Stevenson et al., 1997
The reappearance of a negative discrimination-self-esteem association at high levels of preparation for bias supports prior theory that devaluation from discriminatory experiences may be intensified by frequent focus on racism.
“This result supports prior theory suggesting that feelings of devaluation that may result from discriminatory experiences might be intensified by a frequent focus on racism (Hughes & Johnson, 2001; Stevenson et al., 1997).”
From Perceived Racial Discrimination and Self-Esteem in African American Youth: Racial Socialization as a Protective Factor (2007) · cites this paper as Stevenson et al., 1997
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Harris‐Britt, A., Valrie, C. R., Kurtz‐Costes, B., & Rowley, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00540.x · Cited by 371 · see citing works
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McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., Kim, J.-Y., Burton, L. M., Davis, K. D., Dotterer, A. M., & Swanson, D. P. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00942.x · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Stevenson, H. C., Cameron, R., Herrero-Taylor, T., & Davis, G. Y. (2002) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798402028002002 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
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The Meanings of Marital Equality ‐ Edited by Scott R. Harris
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Nasim, A., Fernander, A., Townsend, T. G., Corona, R., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2011) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2011.623510 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
- Authors
- STEVENSON, H. C., REED, J., BODISON, P., & BISHOP, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Temple University (US)
- ORCID
- STEVENSON, HOWARD C.
- Venue
- Youth & Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 197-222
- ISSN
- 0044-118X (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8499
- OpenAlex
- W2015003687
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 9.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Youth & Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Keywords
- racism, racial stress, African American adolescents, racial socialization, anger expression, depression, gender differences, resilience, cultural ecology, family responsibilities, misdiagnosis
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