Racial Discrimination: A Continuum of Violence Exposure for Children of Color

Sanders-Phillips, Kathy

doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0053-4

Cited by 158Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Racial Discrimination: A Continuum of Violence Exposure for Children of Color

Sanders-Phillips, Kathy·2009·Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

DOI 10.1007/s10567-009-0053-4

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Abstract

This article reviews and examines findings on the impact of racial discrimination on the development and functioning of children of color in the US. Based on current definitions of violence and child maltreatment, exposure to racial discrimination should be considered as a form of violence that can significantly impact child outcomes and limit the ability of parents and communities to provide support that promotes resiliency and optimal child development. In this article, a conceptual model of the effects of racial discrimination in children of color is presented. The model posits that exposure to racial discrimination may be a chronic source of trauma in the lives of many children of color that negatively influences mental and physical outcomes as well as parent and community support and functioning. Concurrent exposure to other forms of violence, including domestic, interpersonal and/or community violence, may exacerbate these effects. The impact of a potential continuum of violence exposure for children of color in the US and the need for future research and theoretical models on children's exposure to violence that attend to the impact of racial discrimination on child outcomes are discussed.

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Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 · Cited by 2,610 · see citing works
“They have found consistent, adverse associations with mental health, while for the few that also examined physical health findings were mixed [14, 15, 26, 27].”
Background
Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Health: Scientific Advances, Ongoing Controversies, and Emerging Issues
Lewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people
Priest, N., Paradies, Y., Trenerry, B., Truong, M., Karlsen, S., & Kelly, Y. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.031 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Understanding the complexities of ethnic-racial socialization processes for both minority and majority groups: A 30-year systematic review
Priest, N., Walton, J., White, F., Kowal, E., Baker, A., & Paradies, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.08.003 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Stress-Related Biosocial Mechanisms of Discrimination and African American Health Inequities
Goosby, B. J., Cheadle, J. E., & Mitchell, C. M. (2018) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053403 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and health risk behaviors among Mexican American adolescents.
Flores, E., Tschann, J. M., Dimas, J. M., Pasch, L. A., & de Groat, C. L. (2010) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020026 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
From “crib to coffin”: Navigating coping from racism-related stress throughout the lifespan of Black Americans.
Jones, S. C. T., Anderson, R. E., Gaskin, A. L., Sawyer, B. A., Applewhite, K., & Metzger, I. W. (2020) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000430 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Addressing the “Myth” of Racial Trauma: Developmental and Ecological Considerations for Youth of Color
Saleem, F. T., Anderson, R. E., & Williams, M. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00304-1 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
An Integrative Conceptual Model of Parental Racial/Ethnic and Emotion Socialization and Links to Children's Social-Emotional Development Among African American Families
Dunbar, A. S., Leerkes, E. M., Coard, S. I., Supple, A. J., & Calkins, S. D. (2016) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12218 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Racism as a determinant of social and emotional wellbeing for Aboriginal Australian youth
Priest, N., Paradies, Y., Gunthorpe, W., Cairney, S. J., & Sayers, S. M. (2011) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03099.x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Effects of Racism on Child Development: Advancing Antiracist Developmental Science
Iruka, I. U., Gardner‐Neblett, N., Telfer, N. A., Ibekwe‐Okafor, N., Curenton, S. M., Sims, J., Sansbury, A. B., & Neblett, E. W. (2022) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121020-031339 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
School-Based Racial and Gender Discrimination among African American Adolescents: Exploring Gender Variation in Frequency and Implications for Adjustment
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Authors: Sanders-Phillips, K.
Venue: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-05-23
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 174-195
ISSN: 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
1573-2827
DOI: 10.1007/s10567-009-0053-4
OpenAlex: W1978276194
Cited by: 158
References: 226
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 2.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: racial discrimination, children of color, violence exposure, child abuse, chronic trauma, child development, resilience, domestic violence, community violence, conceptual model, mental health outcomes, physical health outcomes, parental support, community support
MeSH terms: Black or African American, Child, Child Development, Psychology, Child, Humans, Models, Psychological, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Prejudice, United States, Violence

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Racial Discrimination: A Continuum of Violence Exposure for Children of Color

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