Physiological, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Changes in Space
Abstract
Medications have been taken since the first Mercury flight in 1967 and, since then, have been used for several indications such as space motion sickness, sleeplessness, headache, nausea, vomiting, back pain, and congestion. As the duration of space missions get longer, it is even more likely that astronauts will encounter some of the acute illnesses that are frequently seen on Earth. Microgravity environment induces several physiological changes in the human body. These changes include cardiovascular degeneration, bone decalcification, decreased plasma volume, blood flow, lymphocyte and eosinophil levels, altered hormonal and electrolyte levels, muscle atrophy, decreased blood cell mass, increased immunoglobulin A and M levels, and a decrease in the amount of microsomal P-450 and the activity of some of its dependent enzymes. These changes may be expected to have severe implications on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drug substances.
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Variation in blood and plasma flow can affect the rate of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination.
“This variation in blood and plasma flow can affect the rate of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination110,113.”
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- Authors
- Graebe, A., Schuck, E. L., Lensing, P., Putcha, L., & Derendorf, H.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Johnson Space Center (US)
- ORCID
- Derendorf, Hartmut
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 837-853
- ISSN
- 0021-9754 (ISSN-L)
- 0091-2700
- 1552-4604
- OpenAlex
- W2039553908
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 212
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Exploration and Technology
- Keywords
- microgravity, spaceflight, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug metabolism, astronauts, space motion sickness, bone decalcification, muscle atrophy, immunological changes, cytochrome P450, space medicine
- MeSH terms
- Aerospace Medicine, Body Water, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Enzymes, Erythrocyte Count, Female, Hemodynamics, Hormones, Humans, Immunity, Kidney, Male, Muscular Atrophy, Pharmacokinetics, Sex Factors, Sodium, Space Flight, Time Factors, Weightlessness, Bone Demineralization, Pathologic
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