A Resilience Intervention in African American Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Purpose The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of offering the authors' Diabetes Coaching Program (DCP), adapted for African Americans, in a sample of African American adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods The study used a 1-group, pretest-posttest design to test the acceptance and potential effectiveness of the DCP. Subjects were a convenience sample of 16 African Americans (8 women, 8 men) with type 2 diabetes; 12 subjects (6 women, 6 men) completed the program. The DCP included 4 weekly class sessions devoted to resilience education and diabetes self-management, followed by 8 biweekly support group meetings. Psychosocial process variables (resilience, coping strategies, diabetes empowerment) and proximal (perceived stress, depressive symptoms, diabetes self-management) and distal outcomes (body mass index [BMI], fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, lipidemia, blood pressure) were assessed at baseline and at 6 months after study entry. Qualitative data were collected at 8 months via a focus group conducted to examine the acceptability of the DCP. Results Preliminary paired t tests indicated statistically significant improvements in diabetes empowerment, diabetes self-management, BMI, HbA1c, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Medium to large effect sizes were reported. Resilience, perceived stress, fasting blood glucose, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol improved, but changes were not statistically significant. Focus group data confirmed that participants held positive opinions regarding the DCP and follow-up support group sessions, although they suggested an increase in program length from 4 to 8 weeks. Conclusions The pilot study documented the feasibility and potential effectiveness of the DCP to enhance diabetes empowerment, diabetes self-management, and reductions in the progression of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the African American community. Randomized experimental designs are needed to confirm these findings.
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Positive coping shares roots with resilience, which has been shown to impact health behaviors such as diet, physical activity, and overall type 2 diabetes self-management.
“Positive coping shares roots with resilience, which has also been shown to impact health behaviors such as diet, physical activity, and overall T2D self-management [67–69].”
From Positive Psychological Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale, Theoretical Model, and Intervention Development (2015) · cites this paper as [67]
Two resilience studies included coping strategies, perceived stress, and depression as outcomes, but none showed significant changes.
“Coping strategies, perceived stress, and depression were included as outcomes in two studies [68, 69], but no significant changes were reported in these outcomes.”
From Well-being interventions for individuals with diabetes: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [69]
One resilience study reported a significant change in positive meaning, and another uncontrolled study found a significant increase in diabetes empowerment.
“A significant change in positive meaning was reported in one study [68], and diabetes empowerment increased significantly in another uncontrolled study [69].”
From Well-being interventions for individuals with diabetes: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [69]
Only one resilience study found a significant pre-post decrease in HBA1C, and it had no control group.
“Only one found a significant pre-post decrease in HBA1C [69], with no control group for comparison.”
From Well-being interventions for individuals with diabetes: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [69]
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- Authors
- Steinhardt, M. A., Mamerow, M. M., Brown, S. A., & Jolly, C. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- The Diabetes Educator
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-02-09
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 274-284
- ISSN
- 0145-7217 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-6063
- PMC
- PMC3001398
- OpenAlex
- W2140034312
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG020651, R01AG20651)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (P30NR005051)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- resilience interventions, type 2 diabetes, African Americans, diabetes self-management, diabetes empowerment, coping strategies, perceived stress, HbA1c, body mass index, cardiovascular risk, support groups, program feasibility
- MeSH terms
- Black or African American, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hygiene, Male, Patient Education as Topic, Pilot Projects, Professional-Patient Relations, Reward, Self Care, Social Responsibility, United States, Exercise, Black People
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