The Diabetes Empowerment Scale: a measure of psychosocial self-efficacy.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the validity, reliability, and utility of the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES), which is a measure of diabetes-related psychosocial self-efficacy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this study (n = 375), the psychometric properties of the DES were calculated. To establish validity, DES subscales were compared with 2 previously validated subscales of the Diabetes Care Profile (DCP). Factor and item analyses were conducted to develop subscales that were coherent, meaningful, and had an acceptable coefficient alpha. RESULTS: The psychometric analyses resulted in a 28-item DES (alpha = 0.96) with 3 subscales: Managing the Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes (alpha = 0.93), Assessing Dissatisfaction and Readiness To Change (alpha = 0.81), and Setting and Achieving Diabetes Goals (alpha = 0.91). Consistent correlations in the expected direction between DES subscales and DCP subscales provided evidence of concurrent validity. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that the DES is a valid and reliable measure of diabetes-related psychosocial self-efficacy. The DES should be a useful outcome measure for various educational and psychosocial interventions related to diabetes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The behavioral survey items were adapted from the TRIAD study and the Diabetes Empowerment Scale.
“The behavioral survey items were adapted from the TRIAD (Translating Research into Action for Diabetes) study (14) and the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (15).”
From Effectiveness of a Smartphone Application for Weight Loss Compared With Usual Care in Overweight Primary Care Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925 · see citing works
Empowerment: An Idea Whose Time Has Come in Diabetes Education
Funnell, M. M., Anderson, R. M., Arnold, M. S., Barr, P. A., Donnelly, M. B., Johnson, P. D., Taylor-Moon, D., & White, N. H. (1991) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/014572179101700108 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Efficacy in Adolescent Girls and Boys With Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Grossman, H. Y., Brink, S. J., & Hauser, S. T. (1987) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.10.3.324 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-Efficacy: Strategy for Enhancing Diabetes Self-Care
Hurley, A. C., & Shea, C. A. (1992) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/014572179201800208 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Patient Empowerment and the Traditional Medical Model: A case of irreconcilable differences?
Anderson, R. M. (1995) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.18.3.412 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationA Comparison of Global Versus Disease-Specific Quality-of-Life Measures in Patients With NIDDM
Anderson, R. M., Fitzgerald, J. T., Wisdom, K., Davis, W. K., & Hiss, R. G. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.3.299 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationWeight control self-efficacy types and transitions affect weight-loss outcomes in obese women
Dennis, K. E., & Goldberg, A. P. (1996) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(95)00042-9 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Learning to Empower Patients: Results of Professional Education Program for Diabetes Educators
Anderson, R. M., Funnell, M. M., Barr, P. A., Dedrick, R. F., & Davis, W. K. (1991) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.14.7.584 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationPrediction of adherence and control in diabetes
Kavanagh, D. J., Gooley, S., & Wilson, P. H. (1993) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00844820 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Taal, E., Rasker, J. J., Seydel, E. R., & Wiegman, O. (1993) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/0738-3991(93)90122-d · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Predicting the intentions and behavior of exercise initiates using two forms of self-efficacy
Poag-ducharme, K. A., & Brawley, L. R. (1995) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf01904775 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Psychosocial Problems and Interventions in Diabetes: A review of the literature
Rubin, R. R., & Peyrot, M. F. (1992) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.15.11.1640 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Relationship of Self-efficacy and Binging to Adherence to Diabetes Regimen Among Adolescents
Littlefield, C. H., Craven, J. L., Rodin, G., Daneman, D., Murray, M. A., & Rydall, A. C. (1992) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.15.1.90 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-efficacy, health locus of control, and smoking cessation
Stuart, K., Borland, R., & McMurray, N. E. (1994) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90046-9 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self‐efficacy and Health Education
Lawrance, L., & McLeroy, K. R. (1986) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.1986.tb05761.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Rubin, R. R., Peyrot, M. F., & Saudek, C. D. (1993) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/014572179301900308 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-Efficacy Asthma Questionnaire
Wigal, J. K., Stout, C., Brandon, M., Winder, J. A., McConnaughy, K., Creer, T. L., & Kotses, H. (1993) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.104.4.1144 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Gulliver, S. B., Hughes, J. R., Solomon, L. J., & Dey, A. N. (1995) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1995.tb02224.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Skelly, A. H., Marshall, J. R., Haughey, B. P., Davis, P. J., & Dunford, R. G. (1995) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/014572179502100107 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Prostate Cancer in African American Men: Increasing Knowledge and Self-Efficacy
Boehm, S., Coleman-Burns, P., Schlenk, E. A., Funnell, M. M., Parzuchowski, J. S., & Powell, I. J. (1995) · Journal of Community Health Nursing · doi:10.1207/s15327655jchn1203_4 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-efficacy and marijuana cessation: A construct validity analysis.
Stephens, R. S., Wertz, J. S., & Roffman, R. A. (1995) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.63.6.1022 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-Efficacy Theory as a Framework for Community Pharmacy-Based Diabetes Education Programs
Johnson, J. A. (1996) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/014572179602200307 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
(1990) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e527292004-001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Davis, W. K., Hess, G. E., Harrison, R. V., et al. (1987) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.6.1.1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Differences in the Impact of Dietary Restrictions on African Americans and Caucasians With NIDDM
Fitzgerald, J. T., Anderson, R. M., Funnell, M. M., et al. (1997) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/014572179702300104 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationDavis, P. J., Busch, A. J., Lowe, J. C., Taniguchi, J., & Djkowich, B. (1994) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/0738-3991(94)90025-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A Diabetes Psychosocial Profile
Hess, G. E., Davis, W. K., & Harrison, R. V. (1986) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/014572178601200210 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sousa, A. D. (2011) · Indian Journal Of Applied Research · doi:10.15373/2249555x/feb2014/133 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effects of Self-Efficacy and Dispositional Optimism on Adherence to Step Aerobic Exercise Classes
Fontaine, K. R., & Shaw, D. F. (1995) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1995.81.1.251 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Community Diabetes Care in the 1980s
Anderson, R. M., Hess, G. E., Davis, W. K., & Hiss, R. G. (1988) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.11.7.519 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing qualitative methods in intervention studies
Sandelowski, M. (1996) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-240x(199608)19:4
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Patient empowerment: myths and misconceptions
Anderson, R. M., & Funnell, M. M. (2010) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.07.025 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Self-citationIs self-efficacy associated with diabetes self-management across race/ethnicity and health literacy?
Sarkar, U., Fisher, L., & Schillinger, D. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-1615 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Personalised care planning for adults with chronic or long-term health conditions
Coulter, A., Entwistle, V. A., Eccles, A., Ryan, S., Shepperd, S., & Perera, R. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010523.pub2 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Patient empowerment: reflections on the challenge of fostering the adoption of a new paradigm
Anderson, R. M., & Funnell, M. M. (2005) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2004.05.008 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Self-citationKirwan, M., Vandelanotte, C., Fenning, A., & Duncan, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2588 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Laing, B. Y., Mangione, C. M., Tseng, C.-H., Leng, M., Vaisberg, E., Mahida, M., Bholat, M., Glazier, E., Morisky, D. E., & Bell, D. S. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m13-3005 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Faridi, Z., Liberti, L., Shuval, K., Northrup, V., Ali, A., & Katz, D. L. (2008) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00881.x · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The Confidence in Diabetes Self-Care Scale
van der Ven, N. C. W., Weinger, K., Yi, J., Pouwer, F., Adèr, H., van der Ploeg, H. M., & Snoek, F. J. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.713 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Food Selection and Eating Patterns: Themes Found among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Savoca, M., & Miller, C. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition Education · doi:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60035-3 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Psychological interventions for diabetes-related distress in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Chew, B. H., Vos, R. C., Metzendorf, M.-I., Scholten, R. J., & Rutten, G. E. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011469.pub2 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Empowerment of Cancer Survivors Through Information Technology: An Integrative Review
Groen, W. G., Kuijpers, W., Oldenburg, H. S., Wouters, M. W., Aaronson, N. K., & van Harten, W. H. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4818 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
A Resilience Intervention in African American Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Steinhardt, M. A., Mamerow, M. M., Brown, S. A., & Jolly, C. A. (2009) · The Diabetes Educator · doi:10.1177/0145721708329698 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Web-based collaborative care for type 1 diabetes: a pilot randomized trial
McCarrier, K. P., Ralston, J. D., Hirsch, I. B., Lewis, G., Martin, D. P., Zimmerman, F. J., & Goldberg, H. I. (2009) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2008.0063 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Hermanns, N., Kulzer, B., Ehrmann, D., Bergis-Jurgan, N., & Haak, T. (2013) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.10.009 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
An Assessment of Attitudes, Behaviors, and Outcomes of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Daly, J. M., Hartz, A. J., Xu, Y., Levy, B. T., James, P. A., Merchant, M. L., & Garrett, R. E. (2009) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2009.03.080114 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Bollyky, J. B., Bravata, D., Yang, J., Williamson, M., & Schneider, J. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2018/3961730 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Diabetes distress in Type 1 diabetes—a new measurement fit for purpose
Joensen, L. E., Tapager, I., & Willaing, I. (2013) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12241 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Using intervention mapping to develop a work-related guidance tool for those affected by cancer
Munir, F., Kalawsky, K., Wallis, D. J., & Donaldson-Feilder, E. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-6 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Cox, D. J., Banton, T., Moncrief, M., Conaway, M., Diamond, A., & McCall, A. L. (2020) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvaa118 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
A psychosocial self-management program for epilepsy: A randomized pilot study in adults
Pramuka, M., Hendrickson, R., Zinski, A., & Van Cott, A. C. (2007) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.06.013 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Shin, K. S., & Lee, E. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13738 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ribu, L., Holmen, H., Torbjørnsen, A., Wahl, A. K., Grøttland, A., Småstuen, M. C., Elind, E., Bergmo, T. S., Breivik, E., & Årsand, E. (2013) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.2768 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Complex intervention development for diabetes self‐management
Sturt, J., Whitlock, S., & Hearnshaw, H. (2006) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03819.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Tian, Y., Sun, X., Wang, B., & Huang, X. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000027353 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cox, D. J., Taylor, A. G., Singh, H., Moncrief, M., Diamond, A., Yancy, W. S., Hegde, S., & McCall, A. L. (2016) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.10.021 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cox, D. J., Banton, T., Moncrief, M., Conaway, M., Diamond, A., Holmes, V., Green Pastors, J., Wolf, A., Fang, K., & McCall, A. (2020) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001795 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
O’Donnell, M., Carey, M. E., Horne, R., Alvarez-Iglesias, A., Davies, M. J., Byrne, M., & F. Dinneen, S. (2018) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2018.07.009 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nicholas, J. A., Yeap, B. B., Cross, D., & Burkhardt, M. S. (2022) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.15250 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cox, D. J., Oser, T., Moncrief, M., Conaway, M., & McCall, A. (2021) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002403 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Amsberg, S., Anderbro, T., Wredling, R., Lisspers, J., Lins, P.-E., Adamson, U., & Johansson, U.-B. (2009) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.12.011 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mehta, T., John, T., El Zein, A., Faught, V., Nawshin, T., Chilke, T. S., Cohen, C. W., Cherrington, A., & Thirumalai, M. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/70271 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Anderson, R. M., Funnell, M. M., Fitzgerald, J. T., & Marrero, D. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2000-06-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 739-743
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2112383403
- Cited by
- 568
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 4.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Michigan
- National Institutes of Health (5r01dk053994-03)
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5P60DK-20572, P60DK020572, 5RO1 DK53994-02)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Diabetes Empowerment Scale, diabetes self-management, psychometric validation, readiness to change, psychosocial interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Education as Topic, Pilot Projects, Power, Psychological, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Self Efficacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
