Habit Formation and Multiple Means to Goal Attainment: Repeated Retrieval of Target Means Causes Inhibited Access to Competitors
Abstract
Three studies examined the cognitive processes underlying the formation of goal-directed habits in a multiple means context. Repeated retrieval of target means upon goal activation was expected to result in inhibition of competing means for the same goal. In all studies, participants studied goal—means combinations and subsequently practiced the retrieval of certain means to attain the goals in a retrieval paradigm. Study 1 tested accessibility of the different means in a goal—means verification task and showed that competing means were not inhibited after a single retrieval but only upon repeated retrieval (three or nine times). Studies 2 and 3 extended these findings in a means—recognition task and demonstrated that inhibition occurred in the absence of explicit intent or instructions to suppress the competitors. These inhibitory effects of competing means are discussed against the background of current social cognition research on the processes underlying goal—means networks and the formation of habits.
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Cue-based behavior: A Pavlovian-instrumental transfer approach to automatic goal pursuit
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Self-citationRe-Engaging Near-Completion Informatics Students
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Consistent Behavior Development: Is a Personal-Rule or a Deliberation-Based Strategy More Effective?
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Self-citationThe Pragmatism of Habit in Preoperative Optimization
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- Authors
- Danner, U. N., Aarts, H., & de Vries, N. K.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University Maastricht
- Corresponding author
- Danner, Unna N.
- Aarts, Henk
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-10
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1367-1379
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2030358781
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- habit formation, goal-directed behavior, retrieval practice, cognitive control, goal activation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Goals, Habits, Humans, Memory, Netherlands, Personal Satisfaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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