A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour
Open accessAbstract
The term 'habit' is widely used to predict and explain behaviour. This paper examines use of the term in the context of health-related behaviour, and explores how the concept might be made more useful. A narrative review is presented, drawing on a scoping review of 136 empirical studies and 8 literature reviews undertaken to document usage of the term 'habit', and methods to measure it. A coherent definition of 'habit', and proposals for improved methods for studying it, were derived from findings. Definitions of 'habit' have varied in ways that are often implicit and not coherently linked with an underlying theory. A definition is proposed whereby habit is a process by which a stimulus generates an impulse to act as a result of a learned stimulus-response association. Habit-generated impulses may compete or combine with impulses and inhibitions arising from other sources, including conscious decision-making, to influence responses, and need not generate behaviour. Most research on habit is based on correlational studies using self-report measures. Adopting a coherent definition of 'habit', and a wider range of paradigms, designs and measures to study it, may accelerate progress in habit theory and application.
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The mechanisms of action of habit-based weight loss interventions are not completely understood.
“their mechanisms of action are not completely understood.”
Weight loss interventions applying habit-formation approaches are still scarce.
“weight loss interventions applying this approach are still scarce [10, 11]”
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Kwasnicka, D., Dombrowski, S. U., White, M., & Sniehotta, F. (2016) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2016.1151372 · Cited by 1,476 · see citing works
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Self-citationDigital Behaviour Change Interventions to Break and Form Habits
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Time-dependent competition between goal-directed and habitual response preparation
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Habitual Behavior Is Goal-Driven
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Connection Cues: Activating the Norms and Habits of Social Connectedness
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Modelling Habit Formation and Its Determinants
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Impact of religious values and habit on an extended green purchase behaviour model
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Habits and Goals in Human Behavior: Separate but Interacting Systems
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The Evolving Understanding of Physical Activity Behavior
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Self-citationHabitual exercise instigation (vs. execution) predicts healthy adults’ exercise frequency.
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Self-citationBarriers and facilitators to changes in adolescent physical activity during COVID-19
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Dietary Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Conceptual Analysis and Taxonomy
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Habit and Identity: Behavioral, Cognitive, Affective, and Motivational Facets of an Integrated Self
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Encouraging Dog Walking for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
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Self-citationPhysical Activity Habit: Complexities and Controversies
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The role of habit and the built environment in the willingness to commute by bicycle
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Current limits of experimental research into habits and future directions
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Self-citationConsciousness and Self‐Regulation in Mobile Communication
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Changing Behavior Using the Health Action Process Approach
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The Enactive Approach to Habits: New Concepts for the Cognitive Science of Bad Habits and Addiction
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Targeting habits in anorexia nervosa: a proof-of-concept randomized trial
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The exercise–cognition relationship: A virtuous circle
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Habit Formation and Behavior Change
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“Although interest is growing in habit-formation approaches [5, 7, 9], weight loss interventions applying this approach are still scarce [10, 11] and their mechanisms of action are not completely understood.”
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Exploratory study of the impact of perceived reward on habit formation
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Adolescent sugar-sweetened beverage consumption: An extended Health Action Process Approach
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- Authors
- Gardner, B.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gardner, Benjamin
- ORCID
- Gardner, Benjamin
- Venue
- Health Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-01-21
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 277-295
- ISSN
- 1743-7199 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-7202
- PMC
- PMC4566897
- OpenAlex
- W2039701560
- Cited by
- 1,016
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Health Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- habit, health behavior, habit theory, stimulus-response associations, impulse generation, conscious decision-making, habit measurement, self-report measures, behavior change
- MeSH terms
- Habits, Humans, Social Behavior, Health Behavior, Self Report
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