The DOI matches its Crossref record; 97 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Proactive Behavior in Organizations
Abstract
Many practitioner-oriented publications argue that managers should be more proactive on the job, and that proactive behavior is an increasingly important component of job performance. Organizational research on the antecedents and consequences of proactive behavior has appeared in several different literatures and has taken different approaches toward defining, measuring, and understanding proactivity. In this article, I review a diverse set of literatures that directly address proactive behavior in organizational contexts. I describe four constructs related to proactive behavior: proactive personality, personal initiative, role breadth self-efficacy, and taking charge. Next, I review six research domains that have explicitly addressed proactive behaviors: socialization, feedback seeking, issue selling, innovation, career management, and certain kinds of stress management. After considering findings from these research streams, I offer an analysis of the different approaches to the study of proactive behavior and provide a set of suggestions for future research.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“At a time when employees are increasingly expected to find proactive ways to meet organizational objectives and contribute the best of their talents to their organizations, managers are more likely than ever to rely on the initiative employees take to job craft (e.g., Crant, 2000;Grant & Ashford, 2008;Frese & Fay, 2001;Parker, Williams, & Turner, 2006).”
From Perceiving and responding to challenges in job crafting at different ranks: When proactivity requires adaptivity (2010) · cites this paper as Crant, 2000
In the citing paper
“In addition, many other studies have demonstrated that innovative behavior has a positive effect on organizational innovation [141-149].”
From A Study on the Effect of Change Management on Organizational Innovation: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Members’ Innovative Behavior (2021) · cites this paper as [141]
In the citing paper
“According to Crant (2000), proactivity has a positive impact on employee attitudes and behaviors because proactive individuals identify or create opportunities that produce favorable conditions for individual or team effectiveness.”
From Job Demands—Resources theory and self-regulation: New explanations and remedies for job burnout (2021) · cites this paper as Crant (2000)
Citations
Cites
(1994) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)92216-0 · Cited by 46,726
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind.
Triandis, H. C., & Hofstede, G. (1993) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393257 · Cited by 17,696
The Social Psychology of Organizations.
Hackman, J. R., Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2989929 · Cited by 12,243
Research in Organizational Behavior.
Grimes, A. J., Cummings, L. L., & Staw, B. M. (1986) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392975 · Cited by 11,303
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,590
(2013) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr · Cited by 6,965
Journal of Small Business Management
Stoian, M., Criado, J. R., & Dimitratos, P. (2020) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/(issn)1540-627x · Cited by 6,726
DETERMINANTS OF INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOR: A PATH MODEL OF INDIVIDUAL INNOVATION IN THE WORKPLACE.
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256701 · Cited by 6,068
Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome.
Currall, S. C., & Organ, D. W. (1988) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393071 · Cited by 5,594
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-3182 · Cited by 4,740
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,002
Lee, S. H., Qureshi, I., Konrad, A. M., & Bhardwaj, A. (2013) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9320-y · Cited by 27
Understanding idea advancement efforts in innovation through proactive behavior
Björklund, T., Bhatli, D., & Laakso, M. (2013) · Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/jrme-01-2013-0001 · Cited by 25
Adebayo, D. O., Sunmola, A. M., & Udegbe, I. B. (2008) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/13620430810891464 · Cited by 25
A First Approach on Modelling Staff Proactiveness in Retail Simulation Models
Siebers, P., & Aickelin, U. (2011) · Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation · doi:10.18564/jasss.1760 · Cited by 25
You can't always get what you want? Leadership expectations of intrapreneurs
Deprez, J., & Euwema, M. (2017) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-04-2016-0107 · Cited by 32
Greven, A., Strese, S., & Brettel, M. (2019) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-019-09750-z · Cited by 25
Elsaied, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-04-2018-0119 · Cited by 26
Burnout and sense of coherence among residential real estate brokers
Love, P. E. D., Goh, Y. M., Hogg, K., Robson, S., & Irani, Z. (2011) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2011.04.009 · Cited by 25
Kwalifikacje kadr kierowniczych przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych : kierunki i dynamika zmian
Chełpa, S. (2003) · Cited by 25
Discovering Social Entrepreneurship
Jain, T. K. (2009) · Asia Pacific Business Review · doi:10.1177/097324700900500103 · Cited by 25
When and why skill variety influences employee job crafting
Li, J., Sekiguchi, T., & Qi, J. (2020) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-06-2019-0240 · Cited by 24
The Preliminary Literature Review of Proactive Behavior
Li, X. (2020) · American Journal of Industrial and Business Management · doi:10.4236/ajibm.2020.105061 · Cited by 24
Chen, Z., Huo, Y., Lam, W., Luk, R. C., & Qureshi, I. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12341 · Cited by 24
Boudrias, J., Montani, F., & Vandenberghe, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052492 · Cited by 29
Tho, N. D. (2021) · Innovation · doi:10.1080/14479338.2021.1979987 · Cited by 28
Employee Voice and Innovative Behavior in the Public Sector
Tsameti, A., Bellou, V., & Tsamantouridis, K. (2021) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2021.1984941 · Cited by 24
Gui, W., Bai, Q., & Wang, L. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221079899 · Cited by 31
Manolopoulos, D., Salavou, H., Papadopoulos, A., & Xenakis, M. (2022) · Entrepreneurship Research Journal · doi:10.1515/erj-2021-0147 · Cited by 29
Hernaus, T., Černe, M., & Vujčić, M. T. (2022) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2022.03.008 · Cited by 27
Teamwork on the line can pay off down the line
Lantz, A. (2011) · Journal of Workplace Learning · doi:10.1108/13665621111108765 · Cited by 25
Proactive personality and training motivation among older workers
Setti, I., Dordoni, P., Piccoli, B., Bellotto, M., & Argentero, P. (2015) · European journal of training and development · doi:10.1108/ejtd-03-2015-0018 · Cited by 24
Charbonnier‐Voirin, A., & Akremi, A. E. (2016) · Revue de gestion des ressources humaines · doi:10.3917/grhu.101.0045 · Cited by 24
An empirical study on the relationship between perceived employability and employee performance
Hahn, H., & Kim, S. (2018) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2017.1366175 · Cited by 25
Germeys, L., Griep, Y., & Gieter, S. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00395 · Cited by 24
Proactive behaviour in midwifery practice: A qualitative overview based on midwives’ perspectives
Mestdagh, E., Timmermans, O., Kuipers, Y., & Rompaey, B. V. (2019) · Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2019.04.002 · Cited by 24
Gorgijevski, A. N., Lind, C. H., & Lagerström, K. (2019) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2019.04.004 · Cited by 24
Proactivity and work experience as predictors of career-enhancing strategies
Mihail, D. M. (2008) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678860802417668 · Cited by 24
Individual difference predictors of perceived organizational change fairness
Xu, X. V., Payne, S. C., Horner, M. T., & Alexander, A. L. (2016) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-02-2014-0061 · Cited by 24
Inclusion of JD-R Theory Perspective to Enhance Employee Engagement
Rasool, S. F., Almas, T., Afzal, F., & Mohelská, H. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231220207 · Cited by 26
Srivastava, S., & Bajpai, L. (2021) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-10-2019-0548 · Cited by 24
RetractedCareer calling and team member proactivity: The roles of living out a calling and mentoring
Cai, W., Baroudi, S. E., Khapova, S. N., Xu, B., & Kraimer, M. L. (2021) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12340 · Cited by 23
Ontrup, G., Schempp, P. S., & Kluge, A. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Effectiveness People and Performance · doi:10.1108/joepp-03-2021-0064 · Cited by 25
Fan, J., Fan, Y., Yu, L., & Man, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.969013 · Cited by 23
Demir, M., Dalgıç, A., & Yaşar, E. (2022) · International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration · doi:10.1080/15256480.2022.2135665 · Cited by 23
Wang, H., Ren, Y., & Liu, W. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00593-4 · Cited by 24
Hadi, S. A., Kersting, M., Klehe, U., Deckenbach, M., & Häusser, J. A. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13283 · Cited by 23
Otterbring, T., Arsenovic, J. F., Samuelsson, P., Malodia, S., & Dhir, A. (2023) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12765 · Cited by 23
Hirschfeld, R. R., Thomas, C. H., & Bernerth, J. B. (2010) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.09.001 · Cited by 23
Internship performance and satisfaction in sports: Application of the proactive motivation model
Lu, W. C., & Kuo, C. (2016) · Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport & Tourism Education · doi:10.1016/j.jhlste.2016.02.003 · Cited by 23
Liu, X., Huang, Q., Wang, H., & Liu, S. (2017) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2017.1381859 · Cited by 27
Bajaba, S. M., Fuller, B., Marler, L. E., & Bajaba, A. M. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9995-3 · Cited by 23
Li, K., Wang, X., & DU, T. C.-T. (2020) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1080/00472778.2019.1695495 · Cited by 23
Employees’ Motivation for Personal Initiative
Chiaburu, D. S., & Carpenter, N. C. (2013) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000089 · Cited by 23
Mollaret, P., & Miraucourt, D. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12329 · Cited by 23
Guo, Q.-Y., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-04-2023-0172 · Cited by 22
Research on the impact of employee AI identity on employee proactive behavior in AI workplace
Qin, M., Qiu, S., Li, S., & Jiang, Z. (2024) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-03-2024-0211 · Cited by 23
The "hot" side of proactivity: Exploring an affect-based perspective on proactivity in organizations
Cangiano, F., Bindl, U. K., & Parker, S. K. (2017) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · doi:10.4324/9781315797113-22 · Cited by 22
Özkurt, B., & Alpay, C. B. (2018) · Asian Journal of Education and Training · doi:10.20448/journal.522.2018.42.150.155 · Cited by 22
Trajectories of Calling in the Transition From University to Work: A Growth Mixture Analysis
Zhang, C., Hirschi, A., & You, X. (2020) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072720931010 · Cited by 22
Cheng, T., Zhang, P., & Guo, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102609 · Cited by 22
Bai, Y., Lu, L., & Lin-Schilstra, L. (2022) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-021-04768-6 · Cited by 22
Collective rumination: When “problem talk” impairs organizational resilience
Knipfer, K., & Kump, B. (2021) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12315 · Cited by 23
Kayani, M. B., & Alasan, I. I. (2021) · Studies of Applied Economics · doi:10.25115/eea.v39i4.4879 · Cited by 22
Yu, X., Luo, N., Liu, X., Li, H., Li, L., & Mei, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763224 · Cited by 22
Hao, S., & Han, P. (2022) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-04-2021-0444 · Cited by 22
Gajendran, R. S., Mistry, S., & Tangirala, S. (2022) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12545 · Cited by 22
Deng, H., Guan, Y., Zhou, X., Li, Y., Cai, D., Li, N., & Liu, B. (2023) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0001143 · Cited by 22
Setting sail in a new direction
Baruch, Y., & Quick, J. C. (2009) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483480910943331 · Cited by 22
Lifelong learning characteristics, adjustment and extra-role performance in cooperative education
Drewery, D., Nevison, C., Pretti, T. J., & Pennaforte, A. (2016) · Journal of Education and Work · doi:10.1080/13639080.2016.1181728 · Cited by 30
The Effect of Leader-Member Exchange on Innovative Work Behavior in the Saudi Hospitality
Alsughayir, A. (2017) · International Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.5539/ijbm.v12n6p189 · Cited by 22
Chu, M. L., Creed, P. A., & Conlon, E. G. (2019) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845319830253 · Cited by 24
Linking Proactive Personality to Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Person-Environment Fit
Liao, P. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211040118 · Cited by 22
PROAKTİF KİŞİLİK İLE PROAKTİF ÇALIŞMA DAVRANIŞI İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNDE PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRMENİN ETKİSİ
Yolcu, İ. U. (2017) · International Journal of Management Economics and Business · doi:10.17130/ijmeb.2017228692 · Cited by 22
Evaluating proactive behavior in lodging revenue management
Beck, J. A., Cha, J., Kim, S. H., & Knutson, B. J. (2014) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-08-2013-0351 · Cited by 22
Zhang, Y., Duan, J., Fuxi, W. A. N. G., Jinzhao, Q. U., & Xiongliang, P. E. N. G. (2022) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00516 · Cited by 21
Lamovšek, A., Černe, M., Radević, I., & Božič, K. (2022) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-022-10100-9 · Cited by 26
Dubord, M. G., & Forest, J. (2022) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-022-00079-x · Cited by 21
Kılıç, E., & Kitapçı, H. (2022) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-08-2021-0605 · Cited by 23
Kang, H., Song, M., & Li, Y. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12110443 · Cited by 21
Otaye‐Ebede, L., & Shaffakat, S. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12520 · Cited by 24
Employability en individuele ontwikkeling op het werk
van Dam, K., HEIJDEN, B. I. J. M. V. D., & Schyns, B. (2006) · Gedrag & Organisatie · doi:10.5117/2006.019.001.005 · Cited by 22
Intentions to Participate in Training Among Older Unemployed People
Sousa-Ribeiro, M., Sverke, M., Coimbra, J. L., & Witte, H. (2018) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845316687669 · Cited by 23
What’s in It for Me? The Creation and Destruction of Value for Firms from Stakeholders
Kumar, V., & Rajan, B. (2017) · Journal of Creating Value · doi:10.1177/2394964317723449 · Cited by 22
The Inseparable Three: How Organization and Culture Can Foster Individual Creativity
Hermida, Y., Clem, W., & Güss, C. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02133 · Cited by 21
Analyzing the inter-relation between workplace spirituality and constructive deviance
Garg, N., & Saxena, A. (2020) · Asian Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s13520-020-00102-x · Cited by 21
Wei, Q., Luo, J., & Huang, X. (2020) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-020-00427-6 · Cited by 21
La proactivité de carrière : un processus d’anticipation ou de planification d’événements ?
Turnau, A.-L. G., Ventolini, S., & Fabre, C. (2015) · Revue de gestion des ressources humaines · doi:10.3917/grhu.095.0026 · Cited by 21
Ferris, G. R., Kane, R. E., Summers, J. K., & Munyon, T. P. (2011) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-3555(2011)0000009007 · Cited by 22
Prabhu, V. P. (2007) · Cited by 21
Tho, N. D., Trang, N. T. M., & Thu, N. N. Q. (2025) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-09-2024-1109 · Cited by 20
Selmer, J., Lauring, J., Zhang, L. E., & Jonasson, C. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1876-066x20160000032002 · Cited by 20
Impact of proactive behaviour antecedents on construction project managers’ performance
Kapogiannis, G., Fernando, T., & Alkhard, A. M. (2021) · Construction Innovation · doi:10.1108/ci-02-2020-0029 · Cited by 20
Dierdorff, E. C., & Rubin, R. S. (2021) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-021-09743-6 · Cited by 20
Chen, Y., & Chen, S. (2021) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2021.4 · Cited by 22
Park, Y., Lee, J. G., Jeong, H. J., Lim, M. S., & Oh, M.-R. (2022) · Industrial and Commercial Training · doi:10.1108/ict-06-2021-0045 · Cited by 20
Lee, E. K., Hong, W., & Rupp, D. E. (2022) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-05-2021-0335 · Cited by 20
Sun, Y., & Huang, Y. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13020190 · Cited by 20
How Can Psychology Contribute to Climate Change Governance? A Systematic Review
Freschi, G., Menegatto, M., & Zamperini, A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151914273 · Cited by 20
The key role of market orientation in innovation ambidexterity in agribusiness firms
Martínez-Azúa, B. C., Dias, Á., & Sama-Berrocal, C. (2024) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-024-00732-6 · Cited by 25
Leong, A. M. W., Bai, J. Y., Luo, J. M., & Fan, D. X. F. (2024) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2024.103724 · Cited by 20
Ni, D., & Zheng, X. (2024) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.104017 · Cited by 20
Rahim, N. B., & Siti-Rohaida, M. Z. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.364 · Cited by 20
Woudstra, L., van den Hooff, B., & Schouten, A. P. (2015) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.23536 · Cited by 20
Burkert, M., Fischer, F. M., Hoos, F., & Schuhmacher, K. (2016) · Accounting and Business Research · doi:10.1080/00014788.2016.1222262 · Cited by 20
Li, Z., Chen, L., & Er-Yue, T. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9558-z · Cited by 21
Cerit, Y. (2017) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-01-2016-0005 · Cited by 25
Ji, M., Xu, Q., Xu, S., Du, Q., & Li, D. (2018) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2018.08.021 · Cited by 20
Premchandran, R., & Priyadarshi, P. (2018) · Evidence-based HRM a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship · doi:10.1108/ebhrm-07-2018-0042 · Cited by 20
Interactive Effects of Work Autonomy and Proactive Personality on Innovative Behavior
Takaishi, K., Sekiguchi, K., Kono, H., & Suzuki, S. (2019) · Asian Business Research · doi:10.20849/abr.v4i1.548 · Cited by 21
Social Status and Decent Work: Test of a Moderated Mediation Model
Kim, N., Kim, H. J., & Lee, K. (2020) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/cdq.12232 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Crant, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crant, J. Michael
- ORCID
- Crant, J. Michael
- Venue
- Journal of Management
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 435-462
- ISSN
- 0149-2063 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1211
- OpenAlex
- W2102808300
- Cited by
- 2,701
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 143 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 188 · 2023: 161 · 2022: 193 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 191 · 2019: 196 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 138 · 2016: 155 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 137 · 2013: 109 · 2012: 100
- FWCI
- 23.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Management (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Leadership, Courage, and Heroism Studies
- Keywords
- proactive behavior, proactive personality, personal initiative, role breadth self-efficacy, taking charge, employee performance, organizational socialization, feedback seeking, issue selling, innovation, career management, stress management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review