The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Smartness as Property: A Critical Exploration of Intersections Between Whiteness and Disability Studies
Abstract
Background/Context: Two scholars who each primarily identify as a scholar of Critical Race/Whiteness Studies and a scholar of Disability Studies, respectively, engage in this article in a purposeful dialogue that responds to the invitation put forth by Baglieri, Bejoian, Broderick, Connor, and Valle to engage with the construct of inclusive education, writ large. Through purposeful engagement with one another's discourse communities, the authors explore both the challenge and the tremendous promise of more theoretically integrated efforts toward abolishing ideological systems of oppression in schooling. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: This article explores “smartness” as an ideological system and particularly explores the ways in which it intersects with Whiteness as ideology. Using Cheryl Harris's analysis of Whiteness, the authors argue that smartness works as a form of property, with all the advantages that come with membership in the group. Research Design: Analytic essay. Conclusions/Recommendations: Analogous to Roediger's claim about Whiteness, the authors argue that smartness is nothing but false and oppressive, and as such, attempts to theoretically rearticulate or rehabilitate smartness may serve to illuminate, but ultimately fail to dissolve, the normative center of schooling.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1994) · Cited by 6,200
Harris, C. I. (1993) · Harvard Law Review · doi:10.2307/1341787 · Cited by 5,300
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life.
Preston, S. H., Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. (1995) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2137757 · Cited by 3,998
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2458 · Cited by 3,732
Du Bois, W. E. B. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315147413 · Cited by 2,509
(2021) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1111/(issn)1467-9620 · Cited by 2,370
The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class
Roediger, D. R. (2017) · Class · doi:10.1002/9781119395485.ch4 · Cited by 2,119
Journal of Curriculum Theorizing
(2010) · Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.4135/9781412958806.n276 · Cited by 1,943
Official knowledge: democratic education in a conservative age
(2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.185607 · Cited by 1,430
Special Education for the Mildly Retarded—Is Much of it Justifiable?
Dunn, L. M. (1968) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/001440296803500101 · Cited by 1,306
Cited by
Dis/ability critical race studies (DisCrit): theorizing at the intersections of race and dis/ability
Annamma, S. A., Connor, D., & Ferri, B. (2013) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2012.730511 · Cited by 1,272
“Be Real Black for Me”: Imagining BlackCrit in Education
Dumas, M. J., & ross, K. M. (2016) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085916628611 · Cited by 657
Annamma, S. A., Ferri, B. A., & Connor, D. J. (2018) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x18759041 · Cited by 331
Beyond Making a Statement: An Intersectional Framing of the Power and Possibilities of Positioning
Boveda, M., & Annamma, S. A. (2023) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x231167149 · Cited by 326
Waitoller, F. R., & King Thorius, K. A. (2016) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/1943-5045-86.3.366 · Cited by 294
Metadata
- Authors
- Leonardo, Z., & Broderick, A. A.
- Venue
- Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2206-2232
- ISSN
- 0040-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 0161-4681
- 1467-9620
- OpenAlex
- W1525525244
- Cited by
- 345
- References
- 58
- FWCI
- 20.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Smartness as Property: A Critical Exploration of Intersections Between Whiteness and Disability Studies. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/016146811111301008
- The paper
- Leonardo, Z., & Broderick, A. A. (2011). Smartness as Property: A Critical Exploration of Intersections Between Whiteness and Disability Studies. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811111301008
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.