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Use of Direct Versus Indirect Approaches to Measure Loneliness in Later Life
Abstract
The aim of the current investigation was to compare a direct versus an indirect approach for measuring loneliness by comparing the one-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, representing the direct approach, with the shortened version of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, representing the indirect approach, using approximately 2,000 observations from the 2002 Health and Retirement Study. The authors artificially identified a cut point of ≥6 on the three-item Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale to potentially yield the most similar results to the single-item scale and demonstrate the best sensitivity and specificity. Nonetheless, a high rate of respondents (57%) who reported being lonely on the direct item were classified as not lonely on the indirect scale. Inconsistency between the two approaches was also evident with regard to the associations between loneliness and age, as well as with education. These findings indicate that the different measures of loneliness provide a somewhat different picture of both the prevalence of loneliness and the characteristic of the people who suffer from it.
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“previous research using a sample of individuals aged 50 years and older has also revealed differences in prevalence rates of loneliness when using direct vs. indirect measures (Shiovitz-Ezra and Ayalon, 2012).”
From Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of an internet-based CBT intervention for loneliness in older adults: A pilot RCT (2024) · cites this paper as Shiovitz-Ezra and Ayalon, 2012
In the citing paper
“the use of single-item direct measures is likely to result in underreporting due to the stigma associated with being identified as lonely [9, 10].”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
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Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis
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The Stability and Change of Loneliness Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies
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“Where are all the lonely people?” A population-based study of high-risk groups across the life span
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shiovitz-Ezra, S., & Ayalon, L.
- Affiliations
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- ORCID
- Ayalon, Liat
- Venue
- Research on Aging
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-12-14
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 572-591
- ISSN
- 0164-0275 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7573
- OpenAlex
- W1981133259
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research on Aging (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- loneliness, old age, older adults, sensitivity and specificity, prevalence of loneliness
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