Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses.

Hawkley, Louise C.; Thisted, Ronald A.; Cacioppo, John T.

doi:10.1037/a0014400

Cited by 609Health disparities and outcomesPhysical Activity and HealthCOVID-19 and Mental Health

Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses.

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Hawkley, Louise C., Thisted, Ronald A., Cacioppo, John T.·2009·Health Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0014400PMC PMC2791498

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine cross-sectional and prospective associations between loneliness and physical activity, and to evaluate the roles of social control and emotion regulation as mediators of these associations. DESIGN: A population-based sample of 229 White, Black, and Hispanic men and women, age 50 to 68 years at study onset, were tested annually for each of 3 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physical activity probability, and changes in physical activity probability over a 3-year period. RESULTS: Replicating and extending prior cross-sectional research, loneliness was associated with a significantly reduced odds of physical activity (OR = 0.65 per SD of loneliness) net of sociodemographic variables (age, gender, ethnicity, education, income), psychosocial variables (depressive symptoms, perceived stress, hostility, social support), and self-rated health. This association was mediated by hedonic emotion regulation, but not by social control as indexed by measures of social network size, marital status, contact with close ties, group membership, or religious group affiliation. Longitudinal analyses revealed that loneliness predicted diminished odds of physical activity in the next two years (OR = 0.61), and greater likelihood of transitioning from physical activity to inactivity (OR = 1.58). CONCLUSION: Loneliness among middle and older age adults is an independent risk factor for physical inactivity and increases the likelihood that physical activity will be discontinued over time.

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Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity and increased blood pressure in older adults.
“Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity (Hawkley et al., 2009) and increased blood pressure in older adults (Hawkley et al., 2009, 2006).”
From Maladaptive autonomic regulation in PTSD accelerates physiological aging (2015) · cites this paper as Hawkley et al., 2009
The Abstract Results and Discussion report that loneliness predicted reduced physical activity in middle-aged adults, and the Abstract Conclusion extends the finding to middle and older age adults. The cited paper does not report that loneliness predicts increased blood pressure; the blood-pressure clause also cites a separate 2006 paper, which is not evidence from this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Studies of isolation and health behaviors show that social control does not account for many effects of isolation in humans.
“studies of isolation and health behaviors indicate that social control does not explain many of the effects of isolation in humans.10,11”
From Social isolation (2011) · cites this paper as [10]

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Authors: Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T.
Affiliations: University of Chicago (US)
ORCID: Hawkley, Louise C.
Cacioppo, John T.
Venue: Health Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2009-05
Volume: 28
Issue: 3
Pages: 354-363
ISSN: 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
1930-7810
DOI: 10.1037/a0014400
PMC: PMC2791498
OpenAlex: W2148269494
Cited by: 608
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 17.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (PO1 AG18911)
Templeton Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Keywords: loneliness, physical activity, physical inactivity, social control, emotion regulation, mediation, middle-aged and older adults, physical activity decline, social networks, marital status
MeSH terms: Aged, Attitude to Health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Hostility, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Personality Inventory, Prospective Studies, Social Identification, Socioeconomic Factors

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Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses.

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