The intergenerational effects of relocation policies on indigenous families
Open accessAbstract
This research uses life course perspective concepts of linked lives and historical time and place to examine the multigenerational effects of relocation experiences on Indigenous families. Data were collected from a longitudinal study currently underway on four American Indian reservations in the Northern Midwest and four Canadian First Nation reserves where residents share a common Indigenous cultural heritage. This article includes information from 507 10- to 12-year-old Indigenous youth and their biological mothers who participated in the study. Results of path analysis revealed significant direct and indirect effects whereby grandparent-generation participation in government relocation programs negatively affects not only grandparent-generation well-being but also ripples out to affect subsequent generations.
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American Indians' traumatic relocation from economically valuable lands to barren reservations ruptured their cultural ways of life, created deep psychological injury and traumatic loss, and robbed them of health-protective flexible resources, instigating a cultural genocide that underlies present-day American Indian health disparities.
“For instance, American Indians’ traumatic relocation from economically valuable lands to barren reservations (1) ruptured their cultural ways of life; (2) created a deep psychological injury and sense of traumatic loss; and (3) robbed them of health-protective flexible resources (Kirmayer et al., 2014; Walls and Whitbeck, 2012)—instigating a cultural genocide (Brave Heart et al., 2011) that under”
From Cultural trauma as a fundamental cause of health disparities (2022) · cites this paper as Walls and Whitbeck, 2012
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- Authors
- Walls, M. L., & Whitbeck, L. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- ORCID
- Walls, Melissa L.
- Venue
- Journal of Family Issues
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-06-14
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1272-1293
- ISSN
- 0192-513X (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5481
- PMC
- PMC3457652
- OpenAlex
- W2129515896
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Family Issues (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA020299)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH067281)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA013580)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Migration, Education, Indigenous Social Dynamics
- Keywords
- Indigenous families, relocation policy, intergenerational effects, Indian reservations, Indigenous youth, life course perspective, linked lives, indigenous heritage
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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