The parental stress scale: initial psychometric evidence
Abstract
The development of a measure of parental stress, the Parental Stress Scale, is presented. All participants (total N = 1276) completed the Parental Stress Scale and some also completed the Parenting Stress Index, a generic measure of stress called the Perceived Stress Scale, relevant measures of emotions and role satisfaction (e.g. loneliness, marital satisfaction, guilt, etc.), and one group completed the Parental Stress Scale twice. Analyses suggested that the Parental Stress Scale is highly reliable, both internally and over time, and related to the general measure of stress. Also, results were consistent across parents of differing parental characteristics, suggesting the stability of scale characteristics. The validity of Parental Stress Scale scores was supported by predicted correlations with measures of relevant emotions and role satisfaction and significant discrimination between mothers of children in treatment for emotional/behavioral problems and developmental disabilities vs mothers of children not receiving treatment. Finally, a factor analysis suggested that a 4-factor structure underlies responses to the Parental Stress Scale, despite its high internal reliability.
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The Parental Stress Scale (PSS) has satisfactory internal reliability and test-retest reliability (.83 and .81) and produced .72 reliability in a multicultural population.
“The satisfactory level of internal reliability and test-retest reliability were shown as .83and .81.This scale was tested with a multicultural population and produced a .72 reliability (Baker, Perilla, & Norris, 2001).”
From Parenting Stress and Social Support among Cross-national and Traditional Families (2017) · cites this paper as Berry & Jones, 1995
Five studies used the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), which was also used in our study; the remaining studies utilized DASS, PSS or Elternstressfragebogen, making it difficult to compare findings.
“While five studies used the “Parenting Stress Index (PSI)”, which was also used in our study, the remaining studies utilized the “Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS)” (76), the “Parental Stress Scale (PSS)” (77) or the “Elternstressfragebogen” (78), thus making it difficult to compare the findings.”
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- Authors
- Berry, J. O., & Jones, W. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Tulsa (US)
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- Corresponding author
- Berry, Judy O.
- Venue
- Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995-08
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 463-472
- ISSN
- 0265-4075 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-3608
- OpenAlex
- W2124307514
- Cited by
- 1,510
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 155 · 2025: 171 · 2024: 172 · 2023: 199 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 0.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Social and Personal Relationships (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- Parental Stress Scale, parental stress, psychometric properties, scale development, reliability statistics, validity, factor structure, role satisfaction, developmental disabilities, perceived stress, loneliness, marital satisfaction, guilt
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