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Cited by 2Family Dynamics and RelationshipsAttachment and Relationship DynamicsFamily and Disability Support Research

Parenting Stress and Social Support among Cross-national and Traditional Families

Open access
Xiang, Yajuan, Hoot, James, Raisor, Jill·2017·Journal of Family Diversity in Education
DOI 10.53956/jfde.2017.103
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Abstract

As a result of globalization, the number of cross-national couples in the United States is on the rise. However, a primary conclusion of the past research on such marriages has been subsumed under general intermarriages. The results of these studies focused on the challenges confronted by couples in potential conflicts caused by their disparate cultural backgrounds. Place of residence, language issues, societal stereotypes, extended families, and cultural complexity were identified in most qualitative studies as stressors most likely to contribute to a greater levels of parenting stress.A relatively small proportion of the literature in this area has focused on childrearing which was recognized as a flashpoint for more conflicts in these marriages. Thus, this study sought to compare the level of parenting stress and social support between cross-national and traditional families. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit 159 parents from both cross-national (82) and traditional (77) families in Western New York area. This study adopted the Parental Stress Scale (PSS), Family Support Scale (FSS), and self-developed questionnaire. Basic statistics and multiple regression analysis were applied. The results suggested parents from cross-national families do not experience higher level parenting stress comparing to their counterparts in traditional families. However, the number of children and cultural influences were found significantly related to parenting stress in cross-national families. In other words, the more children in a family and more distinct cultural difference between couples strongly contribute to the level of parenting stress among cross-national families.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study compared parenting stress and social support among cross-national and non-cross-national/traditional families in Western New York. It found no statistically significant differences between family types, but number of children and cultural influence predicted higher parenting stress in cross-national families.

Key findings

  • Cross-national and non-cross-national families did not differ significantly in parenting stress (M = 18.05, SD = 5.91 vs. M = 16.44, SD = 5.93; t(81) = -1.24, p = .22) or social support (M = 2.83, SD = .61 vs. M = 2.86, SD = .51; t(81) = .17, p = .87).
  • In cross-national families, number of children was significantly related to parenting stress (r = .44, p ≤ .01) and explained 14.7% of variance in regression (R² = .15, F(1, 38) = 7.02, p < .05; β = .401, p < .05).
  • In non-cross-national families, yearly income was negatively related to parenting stress (r = -.44, p ≤ .01) and was a significant predictor (β = -.41, p < .05), explaining 15.4% of variance (R² = .15, F(1, 37) = 7.09, p < .05).
  • Among cross-national-specific variables, cultural influence was a stable predictor, explaining 11.2% of variance; English proficiency (r = -.26, p ≤ .05) and social support (r = -.25, p ≤ .05) were weakly related, while status, societal attitude, and years living in the US were negligible.

Methods

  • Purposeful/snowball sampling recruited 159 parents from cross-national (n = 82) and non-cross-national (n = 77) families in Western New York; 83 families agreed to participate (43 cross-national, 40 non-cross-national). Cross-national couples were heterosexual married pairs with one US-born English-native spouse and one foreign-born non-English-native spouse; non-cross-national couples were two US-born English-native spouses.
  • Measures included the Parental Stress Scale (PSS; 18 items), Family Support Scale (FSS; 18 items; this study α = .84), a researcher-designed demographic survey (15 questions), and two self-developed questions on societal attitudes and cultural influence.
  • Analysis used independent sample t-tests for family-level differences, multiple linear regression for demographic variables, and hierarchical/stepwise regression for cross-national-specific variables; variables were aggregated to family level due to nested data and small sample size.

Limitations

  • Paper-stated: nested data and sample size prevented examining parent- and family-level variables together, so number of children was not considered when testing cultural influence; the cultural influence measure had limited reliability; snowball sampling produced a relatively homogeneous sample (high SES and English proficiency, mostly Asian-Western couples, female foreign-born and male native-born spouses), limiting distinctions by country of origin and gender and generalizability.
  • Evident from the text: the sample was predominantly White (115/159, 72.3%) and highly educated (76/159, 47.8% graduate/professional; 67/159, 42.1% bachelor’s), and foreign-born spouses had high English proficiency (22/41, 53.7% fluent), further limiting generalizability.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.53956/jfde.2017.103

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

1 of 52 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    In cross-national families, number of children is significantly positively related to parenting stress.

    “However, the number of children and cultural influences were found significantly related to parenting stress in cross-national families.”
    • Also stated in: § Demographic Variables and Parenting Stress by Family Types · plain
      “In cross-national families, parents with more children had a significantly higher degree of stress (r = .44,p ≤ .01).”
    • Also stated in: § Demographic Variables and Parenting Stress by Family Types · boosted
      “Number of children explained 14.7% variance of parenting stress (R 2 = .15,F (1, 38) = 7.02, p < .05).It was a strong predictor of parenting stress (β = .401,p < .05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In non-cross-national families, parent age and gender together do not significantly predict parenting stress.

    “In contrast, parent age and gender explained a lower percentage of variance of parenting stress (.6%) in non-cross-national families (R 2 = .01,F (2, 74) = .22,p = .80).”
    • Also stated in: § Demographic Variables and Parenting Stress by Family Types · plain
      “In addition, parent gender and age were not found to be significant predictors of parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Parents from cross-national families do not experience higher parenting stress than parents from traditional/non-cross-national families.

    “The results suggested parents from crossnational families do not experience higher level parenting stress comparing to their counterparts in traditional families.”
    • Also stated in: § Comparison between Family Types · plain
      “However, the difference between parenting stress score was not statistically significant t (81) = -1.24,p = .22.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In non-cross-national families, number of children has a negligible relationship with parenting stress.

    “whereas the number of children only showed a negligible relationship (r = -.14, p = .39).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In cross-national families, cultural influences are significantly related to parenting stress.

    “However, the number of children and cultural influences were found significantly related to parenting stress in cross-national families.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 35
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cross-national couples' cultural differences are often viewed as exciting and interesting at the beginning of marriage but may lead to increased emotional difficulties and marital conflicts.

    “Those differences are often viewed as exciting and interesting at the beginning of the marriage but may lead to increased emotional difficulties and marital conflicts (Baltas & Steptoe, 2000;Bystydzienski, 2011;Cohen, 1982;Cools, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Baltas & Steptoe, 2000 source
    • cites Bystydzienski, 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Cohen, 1982 source

      The Introduction reports that five couples from different national backgrounds initially delighted in their cultural differences but later cited those differences when seeking help for marital difficulties. Because Cohen deliberately selected five troubled marriages, the paper does not establish that this sequence occurs often among cross-national couples generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In cross-national families, females generally experienced higher parenting stress than males, but the difference was not statistically significant.

    “In cross-national families, females generally experienced higher parenting stress (2.65) than males.”
    • Also stated in: § Demographic Variables and Parenting Stress by Family Types · plain
      “Despite the trends, overall, parent gender was not statistically significant in both family types (Table 1; found in the Appendix).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    English proficiency, cultural influence, and social support were weakly related to parenting stress.

    “Pearson's correlation test (Table 5) showed English proficiency (r = -.26,p ≤ .05),cultural influence (r = .29,p ≤ .05),and social support (r = -.25, p ≤ .05)were weakly related to parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Being female and of foreign status did not predict more parenting stress.

    “It was not found that being female and of foreign status would predict more parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Years living in the US and social support have negligible influence on parenting stress.

    “Years living in the US and social support indicate negligible influence on parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In non-cross-national families, all family-level variables together explained 25.2% variance in parenting stress and the model was statistically significant.

    “All family-level variables explained 25.2% variance in non-cross-national families (R 2 = .25,F (4, 34) = 2.87, p < .05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The majority of cross-national couples were of Asian-Western, and female foreign-born and male native-born combinations.

    “For the racial and gender construct, the majority of cross-national couples were of Asian-Western, and female foreignborn and male native-born combinations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For foreign-born spouses, higher societal attitude and longer US residence were negatively related to parenting stress, showing a tendency to have more parenting stress.

    “But the relationships were negative with parents who were foreign-born spouses and reported higher societal attitude and lived in the US longer, displaying a tendency to have more parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In both family types, SES and child age were relatively stable factors that both weakly correlated to parenting stress.

    “For both types of families, SES and child age were relatively stable factors that both weakly correlated to parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In cross-national families, SES, yearly income, child age, and number of children together explained 20.4% of variance in parenting stress, but the model was not statistically significant (p = .06).

    “In the cross-national group, variables SES, yearly income, child age, and number of children together explained 20.4% variance (R 2 = .20,F (4, 38) = 2.44, p = .06)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The number of children and cultural influences are significantly related to parenting stress in cross-national families.

    “In addition, the number of children and cultural influences are significantly related to parenting stress in cross-national families.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Native spouses scored 3.88 on societal attitude and 2.514 on cultural influence.

    “Generally, native spouses scored 3.88 on societal attitude and 2.514 on cultural influence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Participants possessed high SES and English proficiency.

    “Participants possessed high SES and English proficiency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingreasoning

    The combination of the couple's countries of origin has great variation.

    “Thus, the combination of the couple's countries of origin has a great variation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Number of children and cultural influence were strong predictors of parenting stress.

    “Number of children and cultural influence, however, were strong predictors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Foreign-born spouses reported higher parenting stress (19.73) and lower social support (2.79) than native spouses.

    “In contrast, foreign-born spouses reported higher parenting stress (19.73) and lower social support (2.79) than native spouses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Parent age, gender, SES, yearly income, and child age were not significant predictors of parenting stress.

    “Parent age, gender, SES, yearly income, and child age were not significant predictors of parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Foreign-born spouses were less likely to report societal attitude (3.6) and cultural influence (2.366).

    “In addition, foreign-born spouses were less likely to report societal attitude (3.6) and cultural influence (2.366).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Parents with lower English proficiency, higher cultural influence, and less social support tended to have higher parenting stress.

    “Parents who had lower English proficiency, higher cultural influence, and less social support tended to have higher parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Cultural influence is a stable/strong predictor of parenting stress in cross-national families.

    “Cultural influence was a stable predictor of parenting stress in cross-national families.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
      “Cultural influence was found to be another strong predictor of parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The cross-national sample consisted of 82 parents from 43 families, with 41 native-born and 41 foreign-born spouses.

    “Among the 82 parents from 43 cross-national families, there were 41 native-born and 41 foreign-born spouses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    In non-cross-national families, males displayed slightly higher stress than females, but the difference was not statistically significant.

    “In non-cross-national families, the difference between genders on perceived parenting stress was relatively smaller (.26) among males (Mnon-cross-national males = 16.76,SDnon-cross-national males = 7.39) who displayed a slightly higher stress level than females (Mnon-cross-national females = 16.5, SDnon-cross-national females = 6.77).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Status, English proficiency, and societal attitude account for .02% of the variance in parenting stress and generally did not influence parenting stress.

    “Status, English proficiency, and societal attitude account for .02%variance of parenting stress.Generally, these factors did not influence parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Native spouses had an average parenting stress score of 16.90 (SD = 7.0) and social support score of 2.9 (SD = .74).

    “For native spouses, the average parenting stress and social support score was 16.90 (SD = 7.0) and 2.9 (SD = .74).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    A primary conclusion of past research on cross-national marriages has been subsumed under general intermarriages.

    “However, a primary conclusion of the past research on such marriages has been subsumed under general intermarriages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    As a result of globalization, the number of cross-national couples in the United States is on the rise.

    “As a result of globalization, the number of cross-national couples in the United States is on the rise.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baugh & Witsman, 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Place of residence, language issues, societal stereotypes, extended families, and cultural complexity were identified in most qualitative studies as stressors most likely to contribute to greater levels of parenting stress.

    “Place of residence, language issues, societal stereotypes, extended families, and cultural complexity were identified in most qualitative studies as stressors most likely to contribute to a greater levels of parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    A relatively small proportion of the literature has focused on childrearing, which was recognized as a flashpoint for more conflicts in these marriages.

    “A relatively small proportion of the literature in this area has focused on childrearing which was recognized as a flashpoint for more conflicts in these marriages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cross-national couples experience unique stressors including gaining legal status for foreign-born spouses, linguistic acquisition, family ties, societal reactions, cultural complexity, seeking social support, adjusting to the new culture, and reframing cultural differences shared within couples.

    “Data from such studies suggest that cross-national couples experience unique stressors.These include: gaining legal status for foreign-born spouses, linguistic acquisition, family ties, societal reactions and cultural complexity (Seto & Cavallaro, 2007), seeking social support, adjusting to the new culture, and reframing cultural differences shared within couples (Baltas & Steptoe, 2000;Bustamante”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Seto & Cavallaro, 2007 source
    • cites Baltas & Steptoe, 2000 source
    • cites Bustamante et al., 2011 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study aggregated mother and father scores into family-level variables to address nesting and small sample size.

    “Due to the relatively small sample size, and since the mothers and fathers were nested within the same families, 7 variables were aggregated as family-level variables including: family type, yearly income, SES, child age, number of children, social support, and parenting stress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Aggregating mother and father scores into family-level scores validly represents family-level parenting stress and social support.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Foreign-born spouses often feel isolated and receive limited social support.

    “Foreign-born spouses often feel isolated and receive limited social support (Imamura, 1990).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Imamura, 1990 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Parental Stress Scale (PSS) has satisfactory internal reliability and test-retest reliability (.83 and .81) and produced .72 reliability in a multicultural population.

    “The satisfactory level of internal reliability and test-retest reliability were shown as .83and .81.This scale was tested with a multicultural population and produced a .72 reliability (Baker, Perilla, & Norris, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Berry & Jones, 1995 source
    • cites Baker, Perilla, & Norris, 2001 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These stressors are likely to complicate cross-national couples' perceptions of parenthood and raising mixed-heritage children.

    “These stressors are likely to complicate their perceptions of parenthood and raising mixed-heritage children.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Foreign-born spouses with limited language proficiency have greater difficulties with socialization, career options, adjusting to a new culture, and childrearing.

    “Foreignborn spouses who have limited language proficiency have greater difficulties with socialization, (Imamura, 1990;Romano, 2008;Turney & Kao, 2009), career options, adjusting to a new culture, and childrearing (Ali, 2008;Breger & Hill, 1998;Yaman, Mesman, van IJzendoorn, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Imamura, 1990 source
    • cites Romano, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Turney & Kao, 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Foreign-born spouses with children reported difficulties communicating with teachers, helping with homework, and getting involved in school activities.

    “Further, foreign-born spouses with children reported difficulties communicating with teachers, helping with homework, and getting involved in school activities (Kuramoto et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kuramoto et al., 2017 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    These disagreements and conflicting childrearing beliefs and practices may complicate children's development in the long run.

    “These disagreements and conflicting childrearing beliefs and practices may complicate children's development in the long run.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Conflicts in cross-national couples often revolve around different childrearing beliefs and practices, relationships among family members, parent-child relationships, roles and responsibilities between fathers and mothers, children's identity, health care, school preference, parent's interactions with schools, and child discipline methods.

    “Such conflicts often revolve around: different childrearing beliefs and practices, relationships among family members (Bystydzienski, 2011), parent-child relationships, roles and responsibilities between fathers and mothers (Romano, 2008), children's identity, (Caballero, Puthussery, & Edwards, 2008), health care, school preference (Kuramoto et al., 2017), parent's interactions with schools, and”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bystydzienski, 2011 source
    • cites Romano, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Caballero, Puthussery, & Edwards, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    To avoid ethical concerns with snowball sampling, participants were only asked to forward the senior researcher's contact information to peers rather than provide peer contact information.

    “To avoid this, participants in this study were only asked to forward the senior researcher's contact information to peers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Living abroad is often associated with culture shock, homesickness, loneliness, social isolation, frustration, inadequacy, depression, and feeling caught between two cultures.

    “Living abroad is often associated with culture shock, homesickness, feelings of loneliness, social isolation, frustration, inadequacy, depression, and a feeling of being caught between two cultures (Adams, 2004;Molina, Estrada, & Burnett, 2004;Sinha, 1998;Wieling, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Adams, 2004 source
    • cites Molina, Estrada, & Burnett, 2004 source
    • cites Sinha, 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Of these studies, most were conducted on small samples using qualitative research methods.

    “Of these studies, most were conducted on small samples, using qualitative research methods (Egan, 1995;Wieling, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Egan, 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Wieling, 2003 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Native-born spouses have greater power to make family decisions.

    “In contrast, native-born spouses have less need to change habitual ways and acculturate into the spouses' culture (Rosenblatt, 2009;Wieling, 2003) and have greater power to make family decisions (Romano, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Romano, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 2015, 1,051,030 persons became legal permanent residents of the US, and 265,367 (25.2%) gained residence as a spouse of an American citizen.

    “in 2015, a total of 1,051,030 persons became legal permanent residents of the United States (US).Of these, 265,367 (25.2%) gained their residence as a spouse of an American citizen (Baugh & Witsman, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baugh & Witsman, 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Family Support Scale (FSS) has reported validity and acceptable internal consistency (α=.77), and in this study its internal reliability was α=0.84.

    “The authors reported both validity and acceptable internal consistency with α=.77.The internal reliability of FSS in this study was α= 0.84.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dunst, Jenkins, & Trivette, 1984

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Native-born spouses have less need to change habitual ways and acculturate into the spouse's culture.

    “In contrast, native-born spouses have less need to change habitual ways and acculturate into the spouses' culture (Rosenblatt, 2009;Wieling, 2003) and have greater power to make family decisions (Romano, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Rosenblatt, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Wieling, 2003 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    More children in a family and more distinct cultural difference within couples contribute to higher levels of parenting stress among cross-national families.

    “More children in a family and more distinct cultural difference within couples contribute to a higher levels of parenting stress among cross-national families.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The effect of family-level demographic variables was excluded from this analysis because of the nested and smaller sample.

    “Due to the nested and smaller sample in this study, the effect of family-level demographic variables was excluded in this analysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Given the great variation among cross-national families, the results of this study may not generate a well-rounded image of such families.

    “Given the great variation among cross-national families, it could be that the results of this study did not generate a well-rounded image of such families.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Due to the nested data condition, the sample size did not allow examination of the effect of parent- and family-level variables together; thus the effect of number of children on parenting stress was not considered when testing cultural influence.

    “Due to the nested data condition, the sample size did not allow examination of the effect of parent-and family-level variables together.Thus, the effect of the number of children (family-level variable) on parenting stress was not considered when testing cultural influence, a parent-level variable.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The measure of cultural influence on parenting provides limited reliability.

    “However, the measure of cultural influence on parenting provides limited reliability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants were recruited through snowball sampling.

    “Third, participants were recruited through snowball sampling.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Cross-national marriages are not a homogenous group, as each brings unique cultural orientation.

    “Although cross-national marriages are considered the union of individuals from two countries of origin, they are not a homogenous group, as each of them brings along their unique cultural orientation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cultural differences complicate marital relationships, raise emotional distress, and might increase parental stress.

    “This result echoes past research where cultural differences not only complicates marital relationships, but raises emotional distress, and eventually might increase parental stress (Baltas & Steptoe, 2000;Bustamante et al., 2011;Bystydzienski, 2011;Cohen, 1982;Seto & Cavallaro, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Baltas & Steptoe, 2000 source
    • cites Bustamante et al., 2011 source
    • cites Bystydzienski, 2011 source
52 of 52

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The two self-report questions designed to measure societal attitudes and cultural influence validly measure those constructs.

    “Two questions were designed to measure the influence of societal attitudes and culture on childrearing.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Aggregating mother and father scores into family-level scores validly represents family-level parenting stress and social support.

    “Due to the relatively small sample size, and since the mothers and fathers were nested within the same families, 7 variables were aggregated as family-level variables including: family type, yearly income, SES, child age, number of children, social support, and parenting stress.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The snowball sample of cross-national and non-cross-national families is representative enough to support comparisons and generalizations to the US population.

    “Given the relatively small population of cross-national couples, snowball sampling was used for recruitment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The six cross-national family-specific variables identified in past research (place of residence/status, language proficiency, years living in US, societal attitude, cultural complexity, and social support) are parent-level variables and are the relevant stressors to examine.

    “Past research has identified stressors that are specifically associated with cross-national families including: place of residence/status, language proficiency, years living in US, societal attitude, cultural complexity, and social support.Those stressors were all parent-level variables.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The cross-national and non-cross-national families in the study are comparable enough that differences in parenting stress can be attributed to family type.

    “Results suggest cross-national couples experience parenting stress similar to those in non-cross-national families.”
5 of 5

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Not confirmedF(2, 78) = 1.73reported p = .19 · recomputed p = .184

    “F (2, 78) = 1.73, p = .19”

  • Consistentt(81) = -1.24reported p = .22 · recomputed p = .219

    “t (81) = -1.24,p = .22”

  • Consistentt(81) = 0.17reported p = .87 · recomputed p = .865

    “t (81) = .17,p = .87”

  • ConsistentF(2, 74) = 0.22reported p = .8 · recomputed p = .803

    “F (2, 74) = .22,p = .80”

  • ConsistentF(4, 38) = 2.44reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .063

    “F (4, 38) = 2.44, p = .06”

  • ConsistentF(1, 38) = 7.02reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .012

    “F (1, 38) = 7.02, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(4, 34) = 2.87reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .038

    “F (4, 34) = 2.87, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 37) = 7.09reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .011

    “F (1, 37) = 7.09, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(6, 74) = 2.58reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .025

    “F (6, 74) = 2.58, p < .05”

9 of 9

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Foreign-born spouses' social-support mean differs from Table 4

    Minor

    The text reports a mean social-support score of 2.79 for foreign-born spouses, whereas Table 4 reports 2.7. The latter would round to 2.8, not 2.7, if the textual value were used.

  • Overall average age conflicts with group averages

    Minor

    Using the stated group sizes of 82 and 77, the group mean ages of 39.09 and 38.09 yield an overall mean of approximately 38.61 years, not 39.03 years.

  • Variance attributed to three predictors conflicts with regression table

    Minor

    The text assigns status, English proficiency, and societal attitude together just .02% of variance. Table 5 instead lists a ΔR2 of .02 for each of their three steps-approximately 2% each, or 6% in total at the table's precision.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Breger, R., & Hill, R. (1998). Cross-cultural marriage: Identity and choice: Bloomsbury Academic.
  2. Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2007). The bioecological model of human development Handbook of Child Psychology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  3. Dunst, C., Jenkins, V., & Trivette, C. (1984). Family support scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of Individual, Family, and Community Wellness, 1(4), 45-52.
  4. Nyström, K., & Öhrling, K. (2004). Parenthood experiences during the child's first year: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(3), 319-330. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2648.2004.02991.x · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Xiang, Y., Hoot, J., & Raisor, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Southern Indiana (US)
  • University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Family Diversity in Education
Publisher
Institute for Community Justice and Wellbeing
Published
2017-11-17
Volume
2
Issue
4
Pages
26-41
ISSN
2325-6389 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.53956/jfde.2017.103
OpenAlex
W2780296186
Cited by
2
References
42
Citations by year
2021: 2
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
Journal of Family Diversity in Education (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Keywords
parental stress, social support, intermarriage, traditional family, cultural differences, number of children, family support, multicultural families

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-06.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-06.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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