Unbuilding the city: Deconstruction and the circular economy in Vancouver

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Circular cities, and their local and regional economies, are driven by waste.

“Put short, circular cities, and their local and regional economies, are driven by waste.”

• cites Savini, 2019 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The new urban economy of materials, made possible through practices and networks of recycling, upcycling, repairing and sharing, represents a structural adaptation to capitalism in crisis, sometimes called Capitalism 2.0.

“Rather than setting the stage for radical change, however, this new urban economy of materials, made possible through complex practices and networks of recycling, upcycling, but also repairing and sharing, represents a structural adaptation to capitalism in crisis – what some now simply call Capitalism 2.0 (Godelnik, 2021; Hobson and Lynch, 2016).”

• cites Godelnik, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hobson and Lynch, 2016 sourcePartly supported

  Section 2 describes a circular economy built around recycling, repair and reuse, identifies sharing as part of it, and says its prevailing framing is ‘reboot capitalism or Capitalism 2.0’ rather than radical transformation. Section 3 also discusses restructuring after the financial crisis. The paper does not establish the more specific claim that a unified *urban economy of materials*, including upcycling networks, constitutes that adaptation. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The prevailing Circular Economy and its urban correlate, the Circular City, offer a palatable tactic and proclamation of change but do so without seriously engaging with the more fundamental source of ecological problems: ever growing consumer capitalism.

“As above, the prevailing CE and its urban correlate, the CC, thus offer a palatable tactic and proclamation of change but do so without seriously engaging with the 'more fundamental source of ecological problems: ever growing consumer capitalism' (Savini, 2019: 688).”

• cites Savini, 2019 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

We need to understand the roles of the CE and deconstruction in legitimizing new accumulation regimes that envision the discards of our built material environments as key inputs for future growth.

“While the prevailing technological and material foci of the CE and deconstruction allow us to envision new resource efficiencies, we also need to understand their roles in legitimizing new accumulation regimes that envision the discards of our built material environments as key inputs for future growth (Savini, 2019).”

• cites Savini, 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract and “Waste valorization: raw materials beyond recycling” describe the circular economy as valorizing waste for growth within an emerging regime of accumulation. “Urban mining, logistics and ‘prosumption’” also describes the built environment as a source of reusable materials. The passages do not establish a distinct role for deconstruction in legitimizing that regime. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Interviewees highlighted the environmental value (e.g. carbon sequestration), aesthetic quality, and pivotal role in supporting material heritage of scarce old growth wood.

“interviewees highlighted its environmental value (e.g. carbon sequestration), its aesthetic quality, and, importantly, its pivotal role in supporting material heritage”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Several interviewees highlighted deconstruction as a clear pathway to closing valuable material loops.

“several interviewees highlighted the role of deconstruction as a clear pathway to closing valuable material loops.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The regulatory bar of the green demolition by-law is set fairly low, described as a very small baby step meant to create a pipeline of projects that have to be deconstructed.

“though the regulatory bar is 'set fairly low… a very small baby step, [it is meant] to create a pipeline of projects that have to be deconstructed' (Interview 11).”

May combine two claims.

All participants and stakeholders interviewed for this research reflected on the economic potential of deconstruction, and many argued for other tangible and intangible benefits, especially as a means of meeting an emerging regional circular economy.

“all of the participants and stakeholders interviewed for this research reflected on the economic potential of deconstruction and many also argued for a number of other tangible and intangible benefits especially as a means of meeting an emerging regional CE.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several participants called for more funding through local grants to support both the development of deconstruction businesses and to test new approaches in local markets.

“Several participants, for instance, called for more funding through local grants to support both the development of deconstruction businesses and to test new approaches in local markets.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a perceived gap between legitimate deconstruction professionals and those that are deploying deconstruction as merely a branding exercise - what one interviewee labelled greenwashing.

“there is a perceived gap between ‘legitimate’ deconstruction professionals, few as they are, and those that are deploying deconstruction as merely a branding exercise – what one interviewee labelled ‘greenwashing’”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Real-estate costs preclude the opportunity to site the hub in or close to Vancouver's urban core.

“Several interviewees highlighted the reality that real-estate costs preclude the opportunity to site the hub in or close to Vancouver’s urban core, the space with the most potential for deconstruction and the flow of salvage materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A local practitioner explained how his firm is trying to build a useful blueprint so that other contractors can shift over and start doing deconstruction, with the mission to make deconstruction the industry standard.

“trying to build a useful blueprint so that other contractors can shift over and start doing [deconstruction]. We're not just doing this for ourselves to grow a big company… Our mission is to make deconstruction the industry standard’ (Interview 5).”

• cites Interview 5Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Increased funding from local, regional, and national governments is considered as one key step for building momentum for deconstruction.

“Here, increased funding from local, regional, and indeed, national, governments is considered as one key step.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One social enterprise is seeking funding to develop a locally specific 'design for disassembly' guideline.

“One social enterprise, for instance, is seeking funding to develop a locally specific ‘design for disassembly’ guideline”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The hub has the potential to offer skills training for both CR&D practitioners and the public, act as a regional platform to showcase innovations in sustainability and green building, and be a space to experiment with new ideas in the Circular Economy.

“As an architectural commons, the hub has the potential to offer skills training for both CR&D practitioners and the public, while acting as a regional platform to showcase innovations in sustainability and green building, and as one interviewee put it, ‘a space to experiment with new ideas in the Circular Economy’ (Interview 1).”

• cites Interview 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Regardless of where the hub ends up, it must represent more than merely a space of material reuse.

“As project champions ‘come to terms with this prospect’ (Interview 12), others point out that regardless of where the hub ends up, it must represent more than merely a space of material reuse.”

• cites Interview 12Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The hub's role as a centre for knowledge and cultural exchange is paramount.

“While the hub will clearly facilitate the exchange of salvaged materials (e.g. inspection, standardization, remanufacture and sale), its role as a centre for knowledge and cultural exchange is paramount (Interview 1) (see also, Teshnizi, 2020).”

• cites Interview 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Teshnizi, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Demolition and deconstruction firms prefer to drop off materials at a single location rather than multiple locations.

“[demolition and deconstruction firms] don’t want to go to 10 different places to drop stuff off. They want to go to one place and move it… we have five or six materials to come off of every site. And let’s go to one place and put all the glass on one side, put the wood down the other side, and have metal and concrete in the middle of the court… that is the ideal scenario (Interview 3).”

• cites Interview 3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

While institutions like BCIT are showing clear interest in sustainability and the circular economy, there remains a limited demand for deconstruction skills, including techniques around salvage and material reuse, in the building sector.

“While institutions like BCIT, arguably the region’s largest educator for CR&D training, are showing clear interest in sustainability and the CE (Chan, 2019), there remains a limited demand for deconstruction skills, including techniques around salvage and material reuse, in the building sector.”

• cites Chan, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another clear challenge yet to be resolved concerns the location of a hub.

“While engagement and collaboration issues continue, another clear challenge yet to be resolved concerns the location of a hub.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A local policy expert stated that BCIT considered deconstruction but the number of interested people was too small to justify creating a course curriculum in the short term.

“the problem is that [BCIT] looked at deconstruction and it fits nicely with the direction they’re trying to go, but the number of people they think would be interested in taking that course is so small, so niche that it just didn't seem worth it to go through all the work to create a course curriculum and all that investment … [It’s] just not possible in the short term”

• cites Interview 7Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One interviewee described the role of legitimate deconstruction practitioners in taking on key leadership roles in developing industry knowledge by intervening through on-the-ground explanations with other CR&D practitioners.

“one interviewee described the role of legitimate deconstruction practitioners in taking on key leadership roles in terms of developing industry knowledge, that is, by intervening through on-the-ground explanations with other CR&D practitioners”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several participants described the need to develop, disseminate, and eventually enforce industry standards.

“several participants described the need to develop, disseminate, and eventually, enforce industry standards.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Support for the development of guidelines (regional and national) of the CE and deconstruction, including issues of enforcement, were highlighted as key steps.

“So too, support for the development of guidelines (regional and national) of the CE and deconstruction, including issues of enforcement, were highlighted as key steps.”

May combine two claims.

There remain clear challenges in coordinating a diverse range of local stakeholders and in sustaining long term engagement for the deconstruction hub program.

“Though the program has gained some traction in the last few years, there does remain clear challenges in coordinating such a diverse range of local stakeholders and in sustaining long term engagement.”

• Also stated in: § Unbuilding the ‘demolition capital of the world' · plain

  “In the words of regional policy expert, ‘what we were thinking 10 years ago was that: build it [a deconstruction hub] and they [deconstruction experts] will come, and all your problems will be solved… not so’ (Interview 12).”

• cites Interview 12Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

For most practitioners, the Habitat for Humanity ReStore program represents a crucial space for maintaining the deconstruction sector and the central source of financial returns for deconstruction projects.

“For most practitioners, the Habitat for Humanity ReStore program, a charitable salvage retailer, represents a crucial space for maintaining the deconstruction sector and the central source of financial returns (i.e. tax receipts) for deconstruction projects.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The mislabelling of recycling as deconstruction threatens not only deconstruction as a brand but potentially undermines the very project of a radical way of doing the Circular Economy.

“this mislabelling of recycling as deconstruction threatens not only deconstruction as a brand but potentially undermines ‘the very project of a radical way of doing the Circular Economy. This “circular washing” challenges what we are working toward’ (Interview 10).”

• cites Interview 10Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vancouver's urban core is the space with the most potential for deconstruction and the flow of salvage materials.

“Several interviewees highlighted the reality that real-estate costs preclude the opportunity to site the hub in or close to Vancouver’s urban core, the space with the most potential for deconstruction and the flow of salvage materials.”

May combine two claims.

For the Unbuilders, some costs are reduced through free salvage audits and more recently through technological interventions, like specialized crane systems, to speed up the last two phases.

“For the Unbuilders, some of these costs are reduced through free ‘salvage audits’ (Interview 5) and more recently through technological interventions, like the use of specialized crane systems, to speed up the last two phases (Johnston, 2020).”

• cites Interview 5Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Johnston, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several participants highlighted a growing concern about the direction that local waste companies are taking in terms of appropriating deconstruction as a core service yet without following established deconstruction principals.

“Third, several participants highlighted a growing concern about the direction that local waste companies are taking in terms of appropriating deconstruction as a core service yet without following established deconstruction principals.”

May combine two claims.

In Vancouver, approximately 3000 buildings are torn down per year, many of which are related to a tear down and replace practice linked to decades-long rises in residential real estate values.

“In Vancouver, approximately 3000 buildings are torn down per year, many of which are related to a 'tear down and replace' practice linked to decades-long rises in residential real estate values (Dahmen, et al. 2018) 1 .”

• cites Dahmen, et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Deconstruction developments in Vancouver represent fundamental steps towards a more sustainable built environment, but significant social, political and economic limitations remain that must be confronted to meet demands for more radical sustainability and circularity in Canadian CR&D sectors and cities.

“Overall, the paper finds that while these developments represent fundamental steps towards a more sustainable built environment, there remain a number of significant social, political and economic limitations”

May combine two claims.

Estimates of future reusable materials from deconstruction in the Vancouver region are largely based not only on growth of the niche deconstruction industry, but also on the development of a functional material hub (or series of hubs) that formalizes salvage markets and builds wider acceptance of the deconstruction practice.

“Clearly, estimates like these are largely based not only on growth of this niche industry, but also on the development of a functional material hub (or series of hubs) that formalize salvage markets, and that build wider acceptance of the deconstruction practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The value of deconstruction in maintaining local, regional, and national heritage is gaining momentum.

“The value of deconstruction in maintaining local, regional, and indeed, national, heritage is gaining momentum.”

• cites Ross, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some estimates show that a transition to deconstruction can divert over 85 percent of demolition discards from landfills and produce notable reductions in total carbon emissions.

“Some industry observers, for instance, point to considerable waste reductions with a transition to deconstruction, as some estimates show over 85 percent of demolition discards diverted from landfills and notable reductions in total carbon emissions (McCarthy and Glekas, 2019).”

• cites McCarthy and Glekas, 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Circular cities may amplify the punitive consequences of neoliberal urbanism, including exacerbating urban social and spatial divisions and prioritizing the installation of technocratic governance structures evacuated from citizen participation.

“Rather than forging the steps to a 'future proof' global society, circular cities may indeed amplify the punitive consequences of neoliberal urbanism, including exacerbating urban social and spatial divisions and prioritizing 'the installation of technocratic governance structures evacuated from citizen participation' (Keblowski et al. 2020:143).”

• cites Keblowski et al. 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the American context, logistical and institutional barriers limit deconstruction, including higher upfront costs of deconstruction over mechanical demolition considering labour and time requirements, the general lack of deconstruction knowledge, skills and expertise across the CR&D industry, and local policies around the ineligibility of salvageable materials in construction work.

“In the American context, Leigh and Patterson (2006: 219) highlight a number of logistical and institutional barriers, ranging from higher upfront costs of deconstruction over mechanical demolition considering labour and time requirements; the general lack of deconstruction knowledge, skills and expertise across the CR&D industry; and, local policies around the ineligibility of salvageable”

• cites Leigh and Patterson, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

There are indications that deconstruction has direct economic impacts in terms of new job creation, particularly with the need for larger onsite crews, and the potential rise of economic activity in ancillary retail reuse markets.

“While reducing environmental costs, there are indications that deconstruction has direct economic impacts in terms of new job creation, particularly with the need for larger onsite crews, and the potential rise of economic activity in ancillary retail reuse markets (Leigh and Patterson, 2006).”

• cites Leigh and Patterson, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Circular Economy has emerged in Vancouver as a novel sustainability policy direction linked to the Green City strategy and brand, and as a clear tether to the growing global movement of the CE as a socio-economic model for sustainability action.

“It is within this evolving context that the CE has emerged in Vancouver not only as a novel sustainability policy direction linked to the Green City strategy and brand, but also as a clear tether to the growing global movement of the CE as a socio-economic model for sustainability action.”

May combine two claims.

Sustainability strategies such as energy efficient technologies, green building design and planning policies have made gains but are not standard practice and prioritize the use phases of a building's life, thus tending to ignore the sustainability challenges at the end of pipe.

“While important, however, such initiatives are not standard practice and prioritize the use phases (e.g. design and operation) of a building's life and thus tend to ignore the sustainability challenges at 'the end of pipe'.”

May combine two claims.

The green demolition by-law was developed in 2014 as part of the Integrated Solid Waste and Resource Management Plan to divert 80% of regional CR&D waste, and was the first of its kind to establish minimum reuse and recycling requirements for demolition waste from pre-1940 homes.

“Developed in 2014 as part of the Integrated Solid Waste and Resource Management Plan to divert 80% of regional CR&D waste, the by-law was the first of its kind to establish minimum reuse and recycling requirements for demolition waste from pre-1940 homes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent reports claim that even a 10 percent salvage rate in the Vancouver region would lead to over 179,078 tonnes of reusable materials annually.

“However, as deconstruction practices evolve and expand across the region (Table 2), recent reports claim that even a 10 percent salvage rate would lead to over 179,078 tonnes of reusable materials annually (VEC, 2020).”

• cites VEC, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The economic benefits of deconstruction result in wider social implications: consumers get access to more affordable building materials, and a large proportion of the deconstruction workforce is made up of entry-level positions that employ economically disadvantaged workers.

“Relatedly, McCarthy and Glekas (2019:19; see also Paruszkiewicz et al. 2016) highlight how these economic benefits result in wider social implications: not only do consumers get access to more affordable building materials, but a large proportion of the deconstruction workforce is made up of entry-level positions that employ economically disadvantaged workers.”

• cites McCarthy and Glekas, 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Paruszkiewicz et al. 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Globally, the construction, renovation, and demolition sectors generate mountains of structural waste, from material discards during construction to enormous quantities of renovation and demolition materials that are increasingly landfilled.

“Globally, the construction, renovation, and demolition (CR&D) sectors, those vast industries of builders, remodelers and demolitionists, are part of a practice that generates mountains of structural waste, from the production of material discards during construction practices to the accumulation of enormous quantities of renovation and demolition materials that are increasingly landfilled (Wu et a”

• cites Wu et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Circular Economy has become a popular agenda in the construction, renovation, and demolition sector, offering a system-wide approach to rethinking the built environment in a more transformative way.

“The Circular Economy (CE) is one agenda that has received increasing attention of late, particularly given its system-wide approach to rethinking the built environment in a more transformative way (EMF, 2015; 2020).”

• cites EMF, 2015; 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The rise of deconstruction in Vancouver, as elsewhere, offers a direct way to engage in the heritage goals of preserving memory while supporting a sense of revival and sustainable community development.

“the rise of deconstruction in Vancouver, as elsewhere, offers a direct way to engage in what McCarthy and Glekas (2019: 16) describe as the heritage goals of preserving memory while supporting a sense of ‘revival’ and sustainable community development.”

• cites McCarthy and Glekas (2019: 16) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The success and growth of the deconstruction sector is highly contingent on the interest and ability of local experts and the capacity of local salvage markets to circulate recovered materials.

“Beyond these challenges, the success and growth of the deconstruction sector is also highly contingent on the interest and ability of local experts and the capacity of local salvage markets to circulate recovered materials.”

May combine two claims.

Updates since 2018 broadened the green demolition by-law to include reuse/recycling regulations for homes pre-1950 (with a 75% diversion rate) and all character homes pre-1950 (with a 90% diversion rate), and a deconstruction requirement for all heritage listed homes pre-1910 (minimum 3 metric tonnes of wood salvage).

“Updates since 2018 have broadened the by-law to include reuse/recycling regulations to homes pre-1950 (with a 75% diversion rate) and all 'character' homes pre-1950 (with a 90% diversion rate), and a deconstruction requirement for all heritage listed homes pre-1910 (minimum 3 metric tonnes of wood salvage) (CoV, 2018; see also Teshnizi, 2020).”

• cites CoV, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Teshnizi, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A focus on tweaks, nudges and incremental reformations of capitalism's technical components leads less to radical change and instead affirms a logic of sustainability-as-usual that prioritizes economic considerations such as profit and growth.

“The key point here is that a focus on tweaks, nudges and incremental reformations of 'capitalism's technical components' leads less to radical change and instead affirms a logic of 'sustainability-as-usual', one that prioritizes economic considerations (e.g. profit and growth) (Godelnik, 2021).”

• cites Godelnik, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Deconstruction has received only limited attention in the social science literature, and little is known about the possibilities and challenges presented by deconstruction in specific urban regions and its relationships to the emerging CE agenda in North America.

“Remarkably, however, deconstruction has received only limited attention in the social science literature.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “Little is known about the various possibilities and challenges presented by deconstruction in specific urban regions and its relationships to the emerging CE agenda in North America.”

May combine two claims.

Recent estimates put the regional CR&D diversion rates in Vancouver at 78%, with about 0.3 percent of materials put to reuse.

“Under these conditions, recent estimates put the regional CR&D diversion rates at 78%, with about 0.3 percent of materials put to reuse (VEC, 2020).”

• cites VEC, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The hub is expected to be managed and to evolve through the input of local experts, industry practitioners and community stakeholders.

“As a non-governmental space coordinated though public and private collaboration, the hub is expected to be managed and to evolve through the input of local experts, industry practitioners and community stakeholders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A transformative CE for the built environment in Vancouver and beyond means as much about how we approach unbuilding our cities as it does building them.

“In the end, as this work has attempted to underscore, a transformative CE for the bult environment in Vancouver and beyond means as much about how we approach unbuilding our cities as it does building them.”

May combine two claims.

The City of Vancouver has committed financial support (up to $250,000 from the Innovation Fund) and continues to explore the establishment of an independently operated and public-facing hub meant to facilitate and encourage building material reuse market.

“In response, the City of Vancouver (2018) has committed financial support (up to $250,000 from the Innovation Fund) and continues to explore the establishment of an independently operated and public-facing hub meant to facilitate and encourage building material reuse market.”

• cites City of Vancouver (2018)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Differentiating between recycling and reusing is much more than mere semantics.

“In this case, differentiating between recycling and reusing is much more than mere semantics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The promotion of deconstruction as a viable, sustainable and circular alternative requires considerable support and investment from a variety of stakeholders.

“But of course, the promotion of deconstruction as a viable, sustainable and, indeed circular, alternative requires considerable support and investment from a variety of stakeholders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

An architectural or deconstruction commons will require the development, facilitation, and maintenance of salvage networks - both in a physical and a social sense.

“Indeed, an architectural or deconstruction commons will require the development, facilitation, and maintenance of salvage networks – both in a physical and a social sense.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

With public sector support, educational institutions have an increasingly important role to play in deconstruction.

“Furthermore, with public sector support, educational institutions also have an increasingly important role to play.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In some cases, a deconstruction appraiser determines what materials can be salvaged, estimates the value of the donations, and prepares a report, including tax documentation, that lists the donation and market value.

“a deconstruction appraiser, a niche professional different from the typical home appraiser, determines what materials can be salvaged, estimates the value of the donations, and prepares a report, including tax documentation, that lists the donation and market value (Jordan, 2016).”

• cites Jordan, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This context requires champions (at all levels) to invest and commit to deconstruction in the long term.

“This then represents a challenging context that requires champions (at all levels) to invest and commit to deconstruction in the long term.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

A key aspect of meaningful circularity concerns re-defining the value of materials and re-organizing the loops through which our discards travel.

“a key aspect of meaningful circularity concerns re-defining the value of materials and re-organizing the ‘loops’ through which our discards travel.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Though some materials lend better to recycling streams (e.g. metals), the practices of refurbishment, repair and direct reuse, fundamental aspects of deconstruction, are part and parcel of a process of retaining value and extending the useful life of materials.

“Though some materials certainly lend better to recycling streams (e.g. metals), the practices of refurbishment, repair and direct reuse, fundamental aspects of deconstruction, are part and parcel of a process of retaining value and extending the useful life of materials.”

May combine two claims.

In Vancouver, deconstruction is now being recruited as a lever of the green demolition policy, a policy that is part and parcel of a particular metropolitan vision of circularity and the next step in creating the circular city.

“In Vancouver, deconstruction is now being recruited as a lever of the green demolition policy, a policy that is part and parcel of a particular metropolitan vision of circularity and the next step in creating the circular city.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A central issue concerns how we understand the role of the CE as a wider social, cultural and economic intervention.

“A final and central issue concerns not merely how we apply CE thinking to the built environment, but perhaps more importantly, how we understand role of the CE as a wider social, cultural and economic intervention.”

May combine two claims.

A key issue in supporting deconstruction over traditional demolition remains finding ways not only to reduce upfront costs (of time and money) but also to promote the net financial and material benefits at the end of the process.

“a key issue in supporting deconstruction over traditional demolition remains finding ways not only to reduce upfront costs (of time and money) but to also to promote the net financial and material benefits at the end of the process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

These issues point to a prioritization of political, economic, and technical investments as key interventions in building urban circularity, investments which side-step complex questions of how deconstruction might play in presenting palatable as opposed to radical change in a rapidly growing city.

“Overall, these issues point to a prioritization of political, economic, and technical investments as key interventions in building urban circularity, investments which side-step complex questions of how deconstruction might play in presenting palatable as opposed to radical change in a rapidly growing city.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A viable deconstruction and circular CR&D economy requires the development and support of a deconstruction commons (a hub or centre to house and trade deconstruction salvage to local and regional markets).

“A final, but increasingly pivotal aspect of forging a viable deconstruction and circular CR&D economy concerns the development and support of a deconstruction commons – a hub or centre to house and trade deconstruction salvage to local and regional markets.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Such acts are likely to erode the value of the CE and threaten trust throughout the industry, especially if practitioners eschew the emerging salvage and reuse markets in favour of cheaper and easier recycling and landfilling streams.

“While appropriating circular language on websites and brochures might seem of little consequence, such acts are likely to erode the value of the CE and threaten trust throughout the industry, especially if practitioners eschew the emerging salvage and reuse markets in favour of cheaper and easier recycling and landfilling streams.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There is a rise of green, or circle-washing by local practitioners seeking to plug into the loose rhetoric of deconstruction and circularity, allegedly without the knowledge or experience to do so.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The success of the deconstruction hub is much more than simply building a facility.

“Additionally, while the City of Vancouver has earmarked substantial financial support for a deconstruction hub, its success is much more than simply building a facility.”