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Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Open accessAbstract
This is the second in a series of papers that present systematic reviews of the prevalence and incidence of psychiatric disorders drawn from studies published in English literature in the years 1980 to 2000. The series discusses the implications of these epidemiologic findings to mental health policy and practice. Objective: To present the results of a systematic review of literature published between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 2000, that reports findings on the prevalence and incidence of mood disorders in both general population and primary care settings. Method: We conducted a literature search of epidemiologic studies of mood disorders, using Medline and HealthSTAR databases and canvassing English-language publications. Eligible publications were restricted to studies that examined subjects aged at least 15 years and over. We used a set of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify relevant studies. We extracted and analyzed prevalence and incidence data for heterogeneity. Results: Of general population studies, a total of 18 prevalence and 5 incidence studies met eligibility criteria. We found heterogeneity across 1-year and lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder, and bipolar I disorder. The corresponding pooled rates for 1-year prevalence were 4.1 per 100, 2.0 per 100, and 0.72 per 100, respectively. For lifetime prevalence, the corresponding pooled rates were 6.7 per 100, 3.6 per 100, and 0.8 per 100, respectively. Significant variation was observed among 1-year incidence rates of MDD, with a corresponding pooled rate of 2.9 per 100. Conclusions: The prevalence of mood disorders reported in high-quality studies is generally lower than rates commonly reported in the general psychiatric literature. When controlled for common methodological confounds, variation in prevalence rates persists across studies and deserves continued study. Methodological variation among studies that have examined the prevalence of depression in primary health care services is so large that comparative analyses cannot be achieved.
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“Depression is more common in RA than in the general population [1]”
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“Depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the general [1-3] and working [4,5] population and lead to excessive costs [6,7].”
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“These prevalence estimates are considerably higher than those observed in the general population [1] and are similar to, or higher than, those observed in patients with diabetes [24], Parkinson’s disease [25] and cancer [26].”
From The prevalence of depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2013) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Major depressive disorder is a chronic, debilitating disease with a lifetime risk of approximately 15% for men and 30% for women (Kessler et al. 2005; Waraich et al. 2005).”
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Spezifische Behandlungsaspekte bipolar erkrankter Frauen
Sasse, J., Pilhatsch, M., Forsthoff, A., Grunze, H., Neutze, J., Pfennig, A., Schmitz, B., Schwenkhagen, A., & Bauer, M. (2009) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-008-2644-6 · Cited by 6
Special Issue on Computerized Treatments of Depression
Cuijpers, P., & Andersson, G. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070903302063 · Cited by 5
“Not only are depressive disorders highly prevalent (Kessler et al., 1994; ESEMED, 2004), they also have a high incidence (Waraich, Goldner, Somers, & Hsu, 2004).”
BackgroundLi, B., Zhang, C., Chen, W., Xie, G., & Liang, J. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07313-1 · Cited by 6
“BD-I is characterized by recurrent manic, depressive, or mixed episodes, affecting approximately 1% of the population [3].”
The prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with metastatic disease to the spine
Yeung, C. M., Heard, J. C., Lee, Y. A., McCurdy, M. T., Narayanan, R., Kolowrat, S., Gibbons, L., Hagan, T., Canseco, J. A., Hilibrand, A. S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Craniovertebral Junction and Spine · doi:10.4103/jcvjs.jcvjs_23_24 · Cited by 6
Frequency vs. intensity: Framing effects on patients' use of verbal rating scale anchors
Krabbe, J., & Forkmann, T. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.06.010 · Cited by 5
Zhu, X., Amir, E., Singh, G., Clemons, M. J., & Addison, C. (2014) · Journal of bone oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jbo.2014.01.001 · Cited by 5
“Major and minor depression can be seen in over one third of cancer patients [40], a rate that is far higher than in the general population [41].”
BackgroundChronobiology and Treatment in Depression
Geoffroy, P. A., & Yeim, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6577-4_9 · Cited by 5
A quarter of century after: The changing ecology of psychiatric emergency services
Chen, W., Hsieh, M. H., Liao, S., Liu, C., Liu, C., Wu, C., Lin, Y., Hwang, T., & Chien, Y. (2021) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12487 · Cited by 5
“Discrepancy may be a result of different study designs, countries, diagnostic tools, or time periods (Somers et al., 2006; Waraich et al., 2004).”
BackgroundRummel‐Kluge, C., Dietrich, S., & Koburger, N. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011744 · Cited by 5
Mental Health Problems of Army Personnel Seen in Medical Outpatient Clinics in Greece
Argyropoulos, I. T., Samakouri, M. A., Balascas, D. K., Dalapascha, M., Pallas, D. P., & Livaditis, M. (2005) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/b6xn-w4ct-ypv0-6jfe · Cited by 5
Ablative Surgery for Depression
Eljamel, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9576-0_8 · Cited by 5
Ashcroft, R., Menear, M., Dahrouge, S., Silveira, J., Emode, M., Booton, J., Bahniwal, R., Sheffield, P., & McKenzie, K. J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301796 · Cited by 5
Does Managing Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis Improve Their Depression Score? Prospective Study
Almofada, H. S., Almutairi, N. K., Aldakhil, H., & Alokby, G. (2024) · Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1177/19160216241248668 · Cited by 4
“5,11,13,19 Furthermore, sorting patients based on PHQ-9 results into mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe groups based on scores of 5 to 9, 10 to 14, 15 to 19, and 20 to 27, respectively, has been found to be acceptable.”
BackgroundHigh Frequency of Depression in Advanced Cancer with Concomitant Comorbidities: A Registry Study
Strang, P. M., & Schultz, T. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17071214 · Cited by 4
“However, when past year prevalences are reported in large epidemiological studies on general populations, similar figures of 4–5% are reported [27,28].”
InfluentialSymptoms mimicking dementia in a 60-year-old woman with bipolar disorder: a case report
Woudstra, F. H., van de Poel-Mustafayeva, A. T., van der Ploeg, M. V., de Vries, J. J., der Lek, R. F. R., & Izaks, G. J. (2014) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-381 · Cited by 4
Costs associated with mood and anxiety disorders, as evaluated by telephone survey
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Arman, F., Shakeri, H., Jalilian, F., Ehteram, E., Shakeri, J., & Farnia, V. (2016) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.17795/ijpbs-3894 · Cited by 4
“Higher level of mood deterioration in patients with RA in comparison with the general population has been reported, previously (1, 2).”
BackgroundResultMAOB rs3027452 Modifies Mood Improvement After Tryptophan Supplementation
González, I., Polvillo, R., Ruiz‐Galdón, M., Reyes‐Engel, A., & Royo, J. L. (2021) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s305443 · Cited by 5
“Mood disturbance is one of the main symptoms of depression, an affective disorder which is the leading cause of disability worldwide.(4) The main therapeutic agents used to treat depression are antidepressants like 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, which can be prescribed alone or in combination with serotonin/noradrenaline r…”
BackgroundHuang, J., Chen, W., & Zhu, P. (2023) · Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría · Cited by 4
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Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Gregg, L. P., & Hedayati, S. S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815876-0.00068-1 · Cited by 4
Treatment of neuropsychiatric syndromes in multiple sclerosis
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Comorbidity in Perimenstrual Migraine
Nicodemo, M., Cevoli, S., Giannini, G., & Cortelli, P. (2012) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-012-0281-z · Cited by 4
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Update on the Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorder
Merikangas, K. R., & Peters, T. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470661277.ch6 · Cited by 4
Psychodermatology and Psychocutaneous Disease
Bewley, A., & Taylor, R. E. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118441213.rtd0087 · Cited by 4
Symptoms and treatment of bipolar patients in Sweden
Adler, M., Backlund, L., Edman, G., & Ösby, U. (2012) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2011.653377 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Waraich, P., Goldner, E. M., Somers, J. M., & Hsu, L.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Waraich, Paul
- ORCID
- Somers, Julian M
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 124-138
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W4237251694
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Health, British Columbia
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- mood disorders, prevalence, incidence, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar I disorder, primary care, lifetime prevalence, methodological heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Bipolar Disorder, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Humans, Incidence, Dysthymic Disorder, Mood Disorders
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