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Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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Waraich, Paul, Goldner, Elliot M, Somers, Julian M, Hsu, Lorena·2004·The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

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Abstract

This is the second in a series of papers that present systematic reviews of the prevalence and incidence of psychiatric disorders drawn from studies published in English literature in the years 1980 to 2000. The series discusses the implications of these epidemiologic findings to mental health policy and practice. Objective: To present the results of a systematic review of literature published between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 2000, that reports findings on the prevalence and incidence of mood disorders in both general population and primary care settings. Method: We conducted a literature search of epidemiologic studies of mood disorders, using Medline and HealthSTAR databases and canvassing English-language publications. Eligible publications were restricted to studies that examined subjects aged at least 15 years and over. We used a set of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify relevant studies. We extracted and analyzed prevalence and incidence data for heterogeneity. Results: Of general population studies, a total of 18 prevalence and 5 incidence studies met eligibility criteria. We found heterogeneity across 1-year and lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder, and bipolar I disorder. The corresponding pooled rates for 1-year prevalence were 4.1 per 100, 2.0 per 100, and 0.72 per 100, respectively. For lifetime prevalence, the corresponding pooled rates were 6.7 per 100, 3.6 per 100, and 0.8 per 100, respectively. Significant variation was observed among 1-year incidence rates of MDD, with a corresponding pooled rate of 2.9 per 100. Conclusions: The prevalence of mood disorders reported in high-quality studies is generally lower than rates commonly reported in the general psychiatric literature. When controlled for common methodological confounds, variation in prevalence rates persists across studies and deserves continued study. Methodological variation among studies that have examined the prevalence of depression in primary health care services is so large that comparative analyses cannot be achieved.

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“This might have resulted from the exclusion of several disorders known to be highly comorbid with SUDs.”
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“18, ,30, 18–34, 25–44, ,45 years (12) Sex 39 34 58 Female sex (58) Ethnicity/race 18 31 16 white (3), Black (3), Romanian (3), Hispanic (3), Maori or Pacific Islander (2), Asian (1), minority (1) Education level 16 15 8 Lower educational attainment (4); higher educational attainment (4) Socioeconomic status 10 16 6 Lo…”
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“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is not only highly prevalent (Alonso et al. 2004; Waraich et al. 2004; Kessler et al. 2005; Wittchen et al. 2011; Rozental et al. 2014) but also associated with substantial impairment * Address for correspondence: D. D. Ebert, Ph.D., Friedrich Alexander University…”
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Frontal and right temporal activations correlate negatively with depression severity during verbal fluency task: A multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study
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“All analyses were adjusted for age and sex because they are known to be related to both FSSs (7,23,24) and psychiatric disorders (25,26).”
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“…were closer to reports suggesting that the pooled prevalence estimate of BSD was between 1% and 2% (Fajutrao et al., 2009; Pini et al., 2005;Waraich et al., 2004) as opposed to contrasting literature suggesting that it is at least 5% (Akiskal et al., 2000; Angst, 1998; Merikangas et al.,…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Detecting depression in patients with coronary heart disease: a diagnostic evaluation of the PHQ-9 and HADS-D in primary care, findings from the UPBEAT-UK study
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Authors: Waraich, P., Goldner, E. M., Somers, J. M., & Hsu, L.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author: Waraich, Paul
ORCID: Somers, Julian M
Venue: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2004-02
Volume: 49
Issue: 2
Pages: 124-138
ISSN: 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
1497-0015
DOI: 10.1177/070674370404900208
OpenAlex: W4237251694
Cited by: 522
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 1.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ministry of Health, British Columbia
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords: mood disorders, prevalence, incidence, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar I disorder, primary care, lifetime prevalence, methodological heterogeneity
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Bipolar Disorder, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Humans, Incidence, Dysthymic Disorder, Mood Disorders

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Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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