GABAergic Function in Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence for Dysfunction and Potential as a Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by disruptions in multiple major neurotransmitters. While many studies have attempted to establish whether GABA is disrupted in AD patients, findings have varied. We review evidence for disruptions in GABA among patients with AD and suggest that the variable findings reflect subtypes of the disease that are possibly manifested clinically by differing behavioural symptoms. GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, has long been a target for anxiolytics, hypnotic sedatives, and anticonvulsants. We review the clinical use of GABAergic agents in treating persons with AD symptoms. While newer generation GABAergic medications are now available, they have yet to be evaluated among patients with AD.
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Loss of GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, is a key component of Alzheimer's disease.
“Loss of GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, is a key component of AD.”
From Apolipoprotein E4, inhibitory network dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s disease (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Across several clinical trials, GABAA receptor potentiators or agonists have produced behavioral, but not cognitive, improvements.
“However, across several clinical trials, these agents have produced behavioral, but not cognitive, improvements [85].”
From Apolipoprotein E4, inhibitory network dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s disease (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
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The Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer’s Disease
Jiang, C., Li, G., Huang, P., Liu, Z., & Zhao, B. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-161141 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
“Postmortem studies of the cortical areas of AD patients have shown reduced frontal, temporal, and parietal GABA concentrations (for review, see [58]).”
Rajmohan, R., & Reddy, P. H. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160612 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
“Because ofthis,stimulatingGABAergictransmissionhas beenattemptedtotreatbehavioralandpsychologi-caldysfunctionsinAD[52,61],buttheseeffortsare limitedduetoissuesoftoleranceafterlong-termuse andsideeffects[52,62].”
Alzheimer’s disease and gut microbiota
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Loss of functional GABA A receptors in the Alzheimer diseased brain
Limón, A., Reyes‐Ruiz, J. M., & Miledi, R. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1204606109 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
“Early studies of the temporal cortex, an area greatly affected by the neuropathic hallmarks of AD, showed only slight decreases (13–17%) of benzodiazepine binding (2, 5), suggesting a modest decrease of GABAARs in AD.”
BackgroundAndersen, J. V., Schousboe, A., & Verkhratsky, A. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102331 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Verret, L., Jankowsky, J. L., Xu, G. M., Borchelt, D., & Rampon, C. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5564-06.2007 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“Both GABAergic and glutamatergic signaling required for successful maturation and integration of newborn neurons are compromised by late stages of AD (Gsell et al., 2004; Lanctot et al., 2004).”
BackgroundTowards a Better Understanding of GABAergic Remodeling in Alzheimer’s Disease
Govindpani, K., Calvo-Flores Guzmán, B., Vinnakota, C., Waldvogel, H., Faull, R., & Kwakowsky, A. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18081813 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E4, inhibitory network dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s disease
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Glutamate and GABA in Microglia-Neuron Cross-Talk in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Jiménez-Baladó, J., & Eich, T. S. (2021) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.01.005 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Postmortem studies—Despite numerous neuropathological studies investigating alterations of GABA levels and function in postmortem samples of AD patients [37,63], no clear consensus has been reached [37], potentially due to heterogeneity of the brain regions assessed, differences in the post-mortem delay, differing sam…”
BackgroundChen, P.-L., Lee, W., Sun, W., Oyang, Y., & Fuh, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049113 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“Another possible mechanism is the down-regulation of the GABA receptors after long-term BZD exposure; this condition has been associated with cognitive impairment [47,48,49,50].”
BackgroundDeregulation of excitatory neurotransmission underlying synapse failure in Alzheimer's disease
Paula‐Lima, A. C., Brito‐Moreira, J., & Ferreira, S. T. (2013) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12304 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The GABAergic system as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease
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Marcade, M., Bourdin, J., Loiseau, N., Peillon, H., Rayer, A., Drouin, D., Schweighoffer, F., & Désiré, L. (2008) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05396.x · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The amyloid pathology progresses in a neurotransmitter-specific manner
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Herrmann, N., Black, S. E., Chow, T. W., Cappell, J., Tang‐Wai, D. F., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2011) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31823033f3 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationHippocampal interneuron loss in an APP/PS1 double mutant mouse and in Alzheimer’s disease
Takahashi, H., Brasnjevic, I., Rutten, B. P. F., Van Der Kolk, N., Perl, D. P., Bouras, C., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Schmitz, C., Hof, P. R., & Dickstein, D. L. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0242-4 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Deficits in GABAergic transmission seem to play an important role in the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of AD (Gsell et al. 2004; Lanctot et al. 2004).”
BackgroundAmyloid- Impairs Synaptic Inhibition via GABAA Receptor Endocytosis
Ulrich, D. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0950-15.2015 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“, morphological, neurochemical vs physiological) (Lanctôt et al., 2004).”
Background27-Plex Tandem Mass Tag Mass Spectrometry for Profiling Brain Proteome in Alzheimer’s Disease
Wang, Z., Yu, K., Tan, H., Wu, Z., Cho, J.-H., Han, X., Sun, H., Beach, T. G., & Peng, J. (2020) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00655 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Altered synaptic function in Alzheimer's disease
Bell, K. F. S., & Cuello, A. C. (2006) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.045 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“, 1982), for review see (Lanctot et al., 2004)].”
Decreased γ-aminobutyric acid levels in the parietal region of patients with Alzheimer's disease
Bai, X., Edden, R. A. E., Gao, F., Wang, G., Wu, L., Zhao, B., Wang, M., Chan, Q., Chen, W., & Barker, P. B. (2014) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.24665 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Increasing evidence suggests that inhibitory neurotransmitter system dysfunction may be involved in AD (1).”
BackgroundMethodNava-Mesa, M. O., Jiménez‐Díaz, L., Yajeya, J., & Navarro‐López, J. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00167 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Cerebrospinal GABA studies as well as neuroimaging and postmortem studies have been useful to show the relationship between GABA system and AD (Jimenez-Jimenez et al., 1998; Yew et al., 1999; Lanctot et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodA Placebo-Controlled Trial of Valproate for Agitation and Aggression in Alzheimer’s Disease
Herrmann, N., Lanctôt, K. L., Rothenburg, L. S., & Eryavec, G. M. (2006) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000097757 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“] showed efficacy for some secondary measures. Despite potential benefits of modulating GABA to treat BPSD [ ,”
BackgroundSelf-citationSalminen, A., Haapasalo, A., Kauppinen, A., Kaarniranta, K., Soininen, H. S., & Hiltunen, M. O. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.001 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“There is an abundant literature indicating that the regulation of glutamatergic, GABAergic and especially cholinergic activities is clearly impaired in AD (Butterfield and Pocernich, 2003; Lanctot et al., 2004; Craig et al., 2011; Revett et al., 2013; Szutowicz et al., 2013).”
BackgroundCui, B., Su, D., Li, W., She, X., Zhang, M., Wang, R., & Zhai, Q. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1223-4 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, is synthesized by Bacteroides and Prevotella in the gut [48], and Bacteroides has been associated with depression and social deficits in humans [13, 49].”
InfluentialNeurochemical basis for symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Francis, P. T., Ramírez, M. J., & Lai, M. K. P. (2010) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.02.010 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“subjects with less advanced disease, such differences may reflect disease stage specific GABAergic changes (Lanctot et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialDifficult Behaviors in Long-term Care Patients With Dementia
Buhr, G. T., & White, H. K. (2007) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2006.12.012 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Human Gut Microbiota in Health and Alzheimer’s Disease
Szablewski, L. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170908 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Postmortem study of patients with AD showed that the GABA levels were decreased in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex of AD patients as compared to patients without AD [106, 107].”
Mimura, Y., Nishida, H., Nakajima, S., Tsugawa, S., Morita, S., Yoshida, K., Tarumi, R., Ogyu, K., Wada, M., Kurose, S., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.003 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
40-Hz steady state response in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment
van Deursen, J. A., Vuurman, E. F. P. M., van Kranen-Mastenbroek, V. H. J. M., Verhey, F. R. J., & Riedel, W. J. (2009) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.01.002 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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“However, the preclinical and pathologic evidence for alterations in GABAergic neurotransmission in AD is conflicting (Lanctôt et al., 2004).”
Fujiwara, N., Shimizu, J., Takai, K., Arimitsu, N. N., Saito, A., Kono, T., Umehara, T., Ueda, Y., Wakisaka, S., Tomoko, S., et al. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.043 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
An update on the stereoselective synthesis of γ-amino acids
Ordóñez, M., Cativiela, C., & Romero‐Estudillo, I. (2016) · Tetrahedron Asymmetry · doi:10.1016/j.tetasy.2016.08.011 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
APOE-ε4 Carrier Status and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Patients With Alzheimer Disease
Hou, M., Xu, G., Ran, M., Luo, W., & Wang, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.619051 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“%) species (Ley et al., 2006; Consortium, 2012).”
Gut Microbiota in Neurological Disorders
Grochowska, M., Laskus, T., & Radkowski, M. (2019) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-019-00561-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Pharmacologic Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Alzheimer Disease
Herrmann, N., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705201004 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Biological theories have focused on vari- able effects on neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin,18 norepinephrine,19 dopamine,20 acetylcholine,21 and GABA.22 These theories have led to pharmacologic treat- ments targeting specific neurotransmitters.”
BackgroundSelf-citationNon human primate models for Alzheimer’s disease-related research and drug discovery
Dam, D. V., & Deyn, P. P. D. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2017.1271320 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“In this regard, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic deafferentation in AD brain has been associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms [127], and especially the GABAA receptor forms an important target for tracer development [126].”
BackgroundGAD65, GAD67, and GABAT Immunostaining in Human Brain and Apparent GAD65 Loss in Alzheimer's Disease
Schwab, C., Yu, S. Y., Wong, W., McGeer, E. G., & McGeer, P. L. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-121330 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the GABAergic system has long been considered relatively spared and only affected late in the disease process (for reviews see [20–23]).”
Silvestrelli, G., Lanari, A., Parnetti, L., Tomassoni, D., & Amenta, F. (2005) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2005.09.018 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Gong, N., Zhang, M., Zhang, X.-B., Chen, L., Sun, G.-C., & Xu, T. (2007) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.10.017 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“, 2006) and Alzheimer’s disease (Lanctot et al., 2004), as well as mental disorders such as schizophrenia (Lewis et al.”
Samakashvili, S., Ibáñez, C., Simó, C., Gil-Bea, F. J., Winblad, B. G., Cedazo-Mı́nguez, Á., & Cifuentes, A. (2011) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201100139 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Liang, J., Lindemeyer, A. K., Shen, Y., López-Valdés, H. E., Martínez‐Coria, H., Shao, X. M., & Olsen, R. W. (2014) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-014-1304-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Salami, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.613120 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“, 2017) including in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices (Lanctot et al., 2004; Solas et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGut Microbiota Alteration and Its Time Course in a Tauopathy Mouse Model
Sun, B., Li, W., Wang, J., Xu, Y., Sun, H., Tian, D., Wang, Y., & Yao, X. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-181220 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“The levels of GABA were decreased in the brains of patients with AD, FTLD, and PSP compared to those in normal controls [48–51].”
Clinical practice guidelines for severe Alzheimer's disease
Herrmann, N., Gauthier, S. G., & Lysy, P. G. (2007) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2007.07.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“[68] Lanctot KL, Herrmann N, Mazzotta P, Khan LR, Ingber N.”
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“For example, increases in brain GABA levels in AD have been cited [84], however, pronounced deficits were observed in our meta-analysis and in other reports [85].”
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Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Agitation and Aggression in Alzheimer’s Disease
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“Endocannabinoid dysfunction may contribute to neuronal damage and neurotransmitter system dysfunction, giving rise to the cognitive deterioration characteristic of AD as well as a wide range of NPS. Evidence supporting the interactions between the ECS and neurotransmitter systems including DA [42, 43], NE [44], 5-HT […”
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Role of Sleep Disturbance in the Trajectory of Alzheimer’s Disease
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Behavioral correlates of GABAergic disruption in Alzheimer's disease
Lanctôt, K. L., Herrmann, N., Rothenburg, L. S., & Eryavec, G. M. (2006) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610206003899 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Neuroimaging studies of the GABAA receptor using positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have similar results to post-mortem studies, but also demonstrate variability in their findings (Lanctôt et al., 2004).”
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Impact of Sleep Disorder as a Risk Factor for Dementia in Men and Women
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“Another mechanism is the downregulation of GABA receptors after prolonged BZD exposure, which induces cognitive impairment (Shimohama et al., 1988; Hutchinson et al., 1996; Ihara et al., 2004; Lanctot et al., 2004).”
BackgroundHypoxia and GABA shunt activation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Salminen, A., Jouhten, P., Sarajärvi, T., Haapasalo, A., & Hiltunen, M. O. (2015) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2015.11.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
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“Ɣ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the key inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system and GABAergic dysfunction in AD has been proposed to contribute to BPSD (Lanctôt et al., 2004).”
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“We propose that preservation of GABAergic cells will restore the physiological environment for normal function and provide an advantage over GABAergic drug interventions presently available (Lanctôt et al., 2004).”
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and Neuroprotection
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“It is also interesting to note that glutamate-associated excitotoxicity is also thought to play a role in the neurodegeneration observed in AD and GABAergic deficits have been reported in AD, although these latter findings are conflicting and complicated by variables such as illness severity and postmortem handling of…”
ResultCan zebrafish be used as animal model to study Alzheimer's disease?
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The role of synaptic activity in the regulation of amyloid beta levels in Alzheimer's disease
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The Brilliance of the Zebrafish Model: Perception on Behavior and Alzheimer’s Disease
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Non-pharmacological treatment changes brain activity in patients with dementia
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“psychological and behavioral symptoms in AD patients remains unclear as there have been few controlled clinical trials to date, which have yielded mixed results.(27) In addition, no study has focused on changes in benzodiazepine sensitivity in AD patients.”
BackgroundUse of Gabapentin in the Treatment of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
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Alternative approaches for PET radiotracer development in Alzheimer's disease: imaging beyond plaque
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“%) reductions in the GABA concentrations and GAD activity (Lanctôt et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in neuronal signaling in depression and cognitive processes
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Aromas Influencing the GABAergic System
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Neuroprotective action of proline-rich polypeptide-1 in β-amyloid induced neurodegeneration in rats
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Use of Low-Dose Gabapentin for Aggressive Behavior in Vascular and Mixed Vascular/Alzheimer Dementia
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Pharmacological Therapy for Apathy in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Functional changes in brain oscillations in dementia: a review
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Medicinal Chemistry of ρ GABACReceptors
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Spatial variability and reproducibility of GABA‐edited MEGA‐LASER 3D‐MRSI in the brain at 3 T
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Influence of hippocampal GABAB receptor inhibition on memory in rats with acute β-amyloid toxicity
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Gut as the target tissue of mercury and the extraintestinal effects
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“, 2019) and AD patients (Lanctôt et al., 2004; Bai et al., 2015), although the affected brain regions were different.”
BackgroundBrain type carnosinase in dementia: a pilot study
Balion, C. M., Benson, C. M., Raina, P. S., Παπαϊωάννου, Α., Patterson, C., & Ismaila, A. (2007) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-7-38 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Post-mortem and imaging studies of AD have shown decreases in GABA in the temporal, frontal, and parietal regions [19].”
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Behavioural genetics of Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive review
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“Biological theories have focused on the role of various neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin [5-HT] (aggression, depression, anxiety, psychosis) [7], dopamine [DA] (aggression, psychosis) [8], norepinephrine [NA] (aggression) [9], acetylcholine [ACh] (psychosis, apathy) [10] and γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA] [11…”
BackgroundDrug Development in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Contribution of PET and SPECT
Declercq, L., Vandenberghe, R. R., Laere, K. V., Verbruggen, A., & Bormans, G. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00088 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“A more detailed discussion of the GABAsystem and its putative role in AD can be found in some extensive reviews (Marczynski, 1998; Lanctot et al., 2004; Rissman et al., 2007).”
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“Furthermore, GABA and glutamic acid (Glu) are as major inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters respectively and are uniformly distributed in CNS. Decreased level of transition from Glutamate to GABA leads to high excitation and poor inhibition (Lanctôt et al. 2004).”
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“The downregulation of key proteins related to the GABAergic system in the frontal, temporal and parietal cortices of AD patients is consistent with the view that GABAergic function plays a role in AD [79, 80].”
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New insights into clinical trial for colostrinin™ in Alzheimer's disease
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“Importantly, GABA has been shown to be potential therapeutic target for controlling AD symptoms (30).”
In Vivo Imaging of Neurotransmission and Brain Receptors in Dementia
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Raman Spectrometric Detection Methods for Early and Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
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“- aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been implicated in AD progression [65].”
The GABA–Working Memory Relationship in Alzheimer’s Disease
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“Initial postmortem studies report reduced GABA levels in the frontal, parietal and temporal cortices as compared to healthy age-matched controls [15].”
Darabi, S., Tiraihi, T., Delshad, A. A., Sadeghizadeh, M., Taheri, T., & Hassoun, H. K. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-9782-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lanctôt, K. L., Herrmann, N., Mazzotta, P., Khan, L. R., & Ingber, N.
- Affiliations
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lanctôt, Krista L
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 439-453
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W2184602814
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Society
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, GABA, GABAergic dysfunction, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABAergic drugs, anxiolytics, antiepileptic drugs, disease subtypes
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Benzodiazepines, Binding Sites, Brain, Frontal Lobe, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Humans, Limbic System, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Receptors, GABA, GABA Agonists
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