The DOI matches its Crossref record; 110 of the 110 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Personality Dimensions and Depression: Review and Commentary
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The relationship between dimensionally assessed personality and the onset, features, and course of depressive illness will be critically examined and considered in relation to 4 hypothesized models: predisposition or vulnerability: pathoplasty: complication or scar: and spectrum or continuity. METHOD: Studies that have used clinically depressed adult patients to explore the relationship between personality dimensions and depression will be reviewed. RESULTS: Higher-order personality factors that have shown a significant and consistent association with major depressive illness include neuroticism, extraversion (negative relationship), and the factors of Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Model. Neuroticism appears to be the most powerful predictor of depression. Lower-order factors showing a significant and consistent relationship with depressive illness include dependency, self-criticism, obsessionality, and perfectionism. The links between depression and dependency and self-criticism have the strongest empirical support. CONCLUSIONS: Several personality dimensions are significantly associated with depressive illness, but the evidence that unequivocally demonstrates a true personality predisposition for depression is modest. Measures of personality may prove to be clinically useful for treatment selection.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Individuals with neuroticism tend to be more prone to developing anxiety [30,31,32].”
From The Effect of Anxiety and Nutritional Habits on the Body Distortion of Athletes. (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
Citations
Cites
Journal of social behavior and personality
(1986) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(86)90025-5 · Cited by 6,751
A psychobiological model of temperament and character
Cloninger, C. R. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008 · Cited by 5,458
Depression. Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects.
(1968) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-68-2-502 · Cited by 5,233
Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465 · Cited by 4,636
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
The dimensions of perfectionism
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172967 · Cited by 4,279
A Systematic Method for Clinical Description and Classification of Personality Variants: A Proposal
Cloninger, C. R. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014 · Cited by 3,678
Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders.
Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.1.103 · Cited by 1,685
Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Clark, L. A., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.104.1.3 · Cited by 1,423
Levels of Object Representation in Anaclitic and Introjective Depression
Blatt, S. J. (1974) · The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child · doi:10.1080/00797308.1974.11822616 · Cited by 1,056
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- EysenckHJ, EysenckSB. Manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. London: University of London Press; 1964.
- 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1979.tb03590.x · DOI
- BlattSJ, D'AfflittiJP, QuinlanDM. Depressive Experiences Questionnaire. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press; 1976.
- Bibring E, 1953, Affective disorders, 13
- Enns MW, 1996, In: Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy 30th Annual Meeting
- Widiger TA, 1993, Personality and depression: a current view, 77
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 240
Novelty-evoked activity in open field predicts susceptibility to helpless behavior
Padilla‐Tolentino, E., Shumake, J., Barrett, D. W., Holmes, G., Sheridan, E. C., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.08.017 · Cited by 33
“Current evidence supports the relationship between individual personality traits and the predisposition to neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [1–4].”
BackgroundA developmental perspective on personality and psychopathology across the life span
Wilson, S., & Olino, T. M. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12623 · Cited by 40
Psychological factors for the onset of depression: a meta-analysis of prospective studies
Fu, Z., Brouwer, M. E., Kennis, M., Williams, A. D., Cuijpers, P. J., & Bockting, C. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050129 · Cited by 40
Social inhibition as a mediator of neuroticism and depression in the elderly
Wongpakaran, N., Wongpakaran, T., & van Reekum, R. (2012) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-12-41 · Cited by 38
“However, the role of introversion as a risk factor for depression is less visible, or at least less pronounced, than that of neuroticism [25,26].”
Wang, Z., & Gan, Y. (2010) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.515026 · Cited by 31
Nijjar, R., Ellenbogen, M. A., & Hodgins, S. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.047 · Cited by 30
“Although the composition of the NEO-PI-R and EPQ differ, they measure similar personality dimensions (Enns and Cox, 1997).”
BackgroundMediating effects of negative cognitive bias and negative affect on neuroticism and depression
Pang, Y. T., & Wu, S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02052-4 · Cited by 31
“Enns and Cox (1997) stressed that neuroticism, as a personality type related to excitability, impulsivity and other characteristics of comprehensive individuals, has a common emotional feature with depression, namely, instability, which is the most powerful predictor and risk factor for depression.”
BackgroundIs Personality a Key Predictor of Missing Study Data? An Analysis From a Randomized Controlled Trial
Jerant, A., Chapman, B. P., Duberstein, P., & Franks, P. (2009) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.920 · Cited by 29
TOWARD AN INTEGRATED PROFILE OF DEPRESSION: EVIDENCE FROM THE BRAIN RESOURCE INTERNATIONAL DATABASE
Kemp, A. H., Stephan, B. C. M., Hopkinson, P., Sumich, A. L., Paul, R. H., Clark, C. R., Gordon, E., Bryant, R. A., & Williams, L. M. (2005) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.1142/s0219635205000665 · Cited by 28
Assessment of subclinical symptoms and psychological well-being in depression
Fava, G. A., & Mangelli, L. (2001) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/bf03035127 · Cited by 24
Personality traits as predictors of depression across the lifespan
Yang, Z., Li, A., Roske, C., Alexander, N., & Gabbay, V. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.073 · Cited by 27
Yu, T., & Hu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.822699 · Cited by 27
Genetic and Environmental Stability of Neuroticism From Adolescence to Adulthood
Nivard, M. G., Middeldorp, C. M., Dolan, C. V., & Boomsma, D. I. (2015) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2015.80 · Cited by 24
“Neuroticism is associated with mood and anxiety disorders (Clark et al., 1994; Enns & Cox, 1997; Kendler et al., 1993; Middeldorp et al., 2006; Roberts & Kendler, 1999).”
BackgroundDifferentiating Burnout from Depression: Personality Matters!
Melchers, M., Plieger, T., Meermann, R., & Reuter, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00113 · Cited by 32
Steers, M. N., Quist, M. C., Bryan, J. L., Foster, D. W., Young, C. M., & Neighbors, C. (2016) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000082 · Cited by 29
“Individuals who are higher in extraversion tend to be more positive, energetic, and enthusiastic (Enns & Cox, 1997), and also less anxious in general (Loo, 1979).”
BackgroundPersonality and seasonal affective disorder: Results from the CAN-SAD study
Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., LEVITT, A. J., Levitan, R. D., Morehouse, R. L., Michalak, E. E., & Lam, R. W. M. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.01.030 · Cited by 25
“Low extraversion has been hypothesized to be an important aspect of vulnerability to non-seasonal depressive disorders (Enns and Cox, 1997) and, in comparison to neuroticism, may be more specific to depression because of its important relationship to anhedonia (Clark and Watson, 1991).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlizadeh, Z., Feizi, A., Rejali, M., Afshar, H., Keshteli, A. H., & Adibi, P. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.2991/j.jegh.2017.11.003 · Cited by 49
“Several studies also showed a negative relationship between extroversion and depression [45,47,52– 54].”
Spinhoven, P., Elzinga, B. M., Roelofs, K., Hovens, J. G. F. M., van Oppen, P., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318229d21f · Cited by 25
“However, its role as a risk factor for depression is more obscure than that of neuroticism (Enns and Cox, 1997).”
BackgroundChildhood adversities associated with self-criticism in a nationally representative sample
Pagura, J., Cox, B. J., Sareen, J., & Enns, M. W. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.05.003 · Cited by 24
Self-citationZerna, J., Strobel, A., & Strobel, A. (2024) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.92885 · Cited by 22
Perceived parental affectionless control is associated with high neuroticism
Takahashi, N., Suzuki, A., Matsumoto, Y., Shirata, T., & Otani, K. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s132511 · Cited by 23
“Extensive reviews consistently show that high neuroticism is a risk factor for developing depression.(8,10,11) A complex interplay between this personality trait and stressful life events, that is, a diathesis–stress scenario, correspondence: Yoshihiko Matsumoto Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University school of…”
Status of minor depression or dysthymia in primary care following a randomized controlled treatment
Oxman, T. E., Barrett, J. E., Sengupta, A., Katon, W. J., Williams, J. W., Frank, E., & Hegel, M. T. (2001) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(01)00166-9 · Cited by 22
Hori, H., Teraishi, T., Sasayama, D., Hattori, K., Hashikura, M., Higuchi, T., & Kunugi, H. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.022 · Cited by 23
“A promising marker for such phenotypic heterogeneity of depression would be personality traits, given that personality profile of depressed patients is different from that of healthy controls (Enns and Cox, 1997; Bagby et al., 2008) and such profile varies even within depressed patients depending on diagnostic (sub)ca…”
BackgroundPersonality changes during antidepressant treatment.
Hrubý, R., Nosalova, G., Ondrejka, I., & Preiss, M. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 22
The Relationship Between Interpersonal Self-Support and Depression: A Longitudinal Study
Xia, L., Ding, C., Hollon, S. D., & Fan, Q. (2012) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.8.835 · Cited by 21
Oh, M., Kim, J.-W., Yoon, N., Lee, S. A., Lee, S. M., & Kang, W. S. (2019) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.0160 · Cited by 22
“Coping style: the ways of coping checklist25,38 The Korean version of the ways of coping checklist contains 62-items and the questionnaire comprised of a rating scale from 0 to 3, in which (0) indicates does not apply or not used, (1) indicates used somewhat, (2) indicates used quite a bit and (3) indicates used a gre…”
Keizer, I., Gex‐Fabry, M., Eytan, A., & Bertschy, G. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.03.018 · Cited by 19
Medical and psychosocial determinants of risk of postpartum depression: a cross-sectional study
Maliszewska, K., Bidzan, M., Świątkowska-Freund, M., & Preis, K. (2017) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2017.4 · Cited by 22
Personality correlates of outpatient mental health service utilization
McWilliams, L. A., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Clara, I. P. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0040-8 · Cited by 20
“Cognitive and psychodynamic theorists have both posited Self-criticism as being a vulnerability for depression and the association between this personality trait and depression has been frequently investigated [17].”
BackgroundSelf-citationStafford, L., Jackson, H. J., & Berk, M. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318187c023 · Cited by 19
“Perfectionism is not a unitary construct and is thought to comprise self-oriented (setting and striving for unrealistic standards and focusing on flaws), other-oriented (behaviorally similar but directed toward others), and socially oriented (belief that others hold perfectionistic expectations for oneself) components…”
BackgroundFan, Q., Wang, W., Hao, J., He, A., Wen, Y. F., Guo, X., Wu, C., Ning, Y., Wang, X., Wang, S., et al. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.05.017 · Cited by 19
“Besides its relation to crisis events, neuroticism also impairs physical health (Ormel et al., 2013), such as reversible heart failure (Christensen et al., 2016), sleep disorder (Huang et al., 2016) and depression (Enns and Cox, 1997).”
BackgroundMu, W., Zhu, D., Wang, Y., Li, F., Ye, L., Wang, K., & Zhou, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176074 · Cited by 21
“Neuroticism is significantly correlated with higher scores in depressive symptoms and appears to be the most powerful predictor of depression [18,19].”
BackgroundKumari, R. S., Sudhir, P. M., & Mariamma, P. (2012) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-012-0157-7 · Cited by 22
Yang, J., Yin, P., Wei, D., Wang, K., Li, Y., & Qiu, J. (2016) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2016.1174150 · Cited by 18
The Relation of Self-Supporting Personality, Big Five Personality and Depression
Xia, L., Xu, X., Hollon, S. D., & Zhang, J. (2014) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-014-9233-6 · Cited by 17
Petruo, V., Krauss, E., Kleist, A., Hardt, J., Hake, K., Peirano, J., Krause, T., Ehehalt, R., von Arnauld de la Perriére, P., Büning, J., et al. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie · doi:10.1055/a-0838-6371 · Cited by 16
“Neuroticism appears to be the most powerful predictor of depression and is therefore regarded as particularly detrimental [39].”
BackgroundThe relationships between personality and well-being during societal change
van den Berg, P. T., & Pitariu, H. D. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.007 · Cited by 16
Association Between the CYP2D6*4 Polymorphism and Depression or Anxiety in the Elderly
Bijl, M. J., Luijendijk, H. J., van den Berg, J. F., Visser, L. E., van Schaik, R. H., Albert Hofman, D., Vulto, A. G., van Gelder, T., Tiemeier, H. W., & Stricker, B. H. C. (2009) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.09.9 · Cited by 16
Persönlichkeit, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Depression
Kronmüller, K., & Mundt, C. (2006) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-006-2071-5 · Cited by 16
Zhao, H., Shi, H., Ren, Z., He, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Pu, Y., Cui, L., Wang, S., Zhao, J., et al. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13972 · Cited by 15
Psychosocial determinants of recovery in depression
Fava, G. A., & Visani, D. (2008) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2008.10.4/gafava · Cited by 15
Weber, K., Giannakopoulos, P., Delaloye, C., de Bilbao, F., Moy, G., Ebbing, K., Moussa, A., Herrmann, F. R., Gold, G., & Canuto, A. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.017 · Cited by 15
“, 2008) and predict depressive relapse (Enns and Cox, 1997).”
Personality and the generation of defeat, involuntary subordination, and depression.
Sturman, E. D., Rose, S., McKeighan, K. M., Burch, J., & Evanico, K. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0036896 · Cited by 15
PREDICTING SEVERITY OF NON-CLINICAL DEPRESSION: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS USING AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Kemp, A. H., Hopkinson, P., Stephan, B. C. M., Clark, C. R., Gordon, E., Bryant, R. A., & Williams, L. M. (2006) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.1142/s0219635206001069 · Cited by 15
“Neuroticism is considered to be a stable and heritable dimension which increases the chance of experiencing a broad range of negative moods, including anxiety, depression, guilt, hostility and self-dissatisfaction [10, 21].”
BackgroundResidual symptoms in depression
Sonino, N., & Fava, G. A. (2002) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(02)00200-2 · Cited by 15
Predisposition to depression and implicit emotion processing
Knyazev, G. G., Bocharov, A. V., Savostyanov, A. N., & Slobodskoj‐Plusnin, J. Y. (2015) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1061483 · Cited by 14
“Premorbid testing shows greater neuroticism in those who later develop depression than in those who do not, and highly elevated neuroticism scores during depression are predictive of poor prognosis (Enns & Cox, 1997).”
BackgroundAnxiety Comorbidities: Mood Disorders, Substance Use Disorders, and Chronic Medical Illness
Rogers, A. H., Wieman, S. T., & Baker, A. W. (2019) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30687-8_5 · Cited by 16
Othman, Z., Ys, L. K., Othman, A., & Mam, Y. (2013) · The Malaysian journal of psychiatry · Cited by 14
Dai, L., Bailey, R., & Yun-long, D. (2018) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1780-5 · Cited by 14
“Because neuroticism has been designated as a vulnerability of general anxiety both theoretically and clinically [45], we predicted that the correlation between CMCQ-HA and SHAI would be stronger than correlations between CMCQ-HA and EPQ-R-N, the same as the results found in Bailey and Wells’ study [20].”
The Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire: psychometric properties in Spanish postpartum women
Gelabert, E., Subirà, S., Plaza, A., Torres, A., Navarro, P., Ímaz, M., Valdés, M., García-Esteve, L., & Martín-Santos, R. (2011) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-010-0186-y · Cited by 16
“It is widely known that some personality features such as neuroticism, harm avoidance, introversion, dependency, selfcriticism or perfectionism are related to the vulnerability to depressive illness in non-postpartum samples (Enns and Cox 1997; Gunderson et al. 1999).”
BackgroundTao, Y., Ma, Z., Hou, W., Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Li, C., & Shi, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.870772 · Cited by 13
“Neuroticism is a negative emotional trait characterized by proneness to anxiety, emotional instability, and self-consciousness (7).”
BackgroundOne-year severity of depressive symptoms: Results from the NESDA study
Lamers, F., Beekman, A. T. F., de Jonge, P., Smit, J. H., Nolen, W. A., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.005 · Cited by 13
“Several studies indeed found that neuroticism determined an unfavorable course (Enns and Cox, 1997; Spijker et al., 2001; Mulder, 2002; Rhebergen et al., 2008).”
Bull, E., Al‐Janabi, S., & Gittins, C. B. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.028 · Cited by 14
Badcock, P. B., Moore, E. E., Williamson, E., Berk, M., Williams, L. J., Bjerkeset, O. A., Nordahl, H. M., Patton, G. C., & Olsson, C. A. (2011) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00003.x · Cited by 12
Relationship Between Personality Dimensions and Hopelessness: A Study on College Students
Bayrami, M., Heshmati, R., Ghotbi, M., Alizadehgoradel, J., Hojatipor, H., & Moslemifar, M. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.211 · Cited by 11
Personality Traits in Panic Disorder Patients With and Without Comorbidities
Zugliani, M. M., Martín‐Santos, R., Nardi, A. E., & Freire, R. C. R. (2017) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000745 · Cited by 11
“The MPI evaluates neuroticism and extraversion, whereas the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) (Eysenck and Eysenck, 2001) also contemplates psychoticism, which has previously been associated with PD and agoraphobia (Martín-Santos et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodOn self-criticism as interpersonally maladaptive.
Holm‐Denoma, J. M., Otamendi, A., & Joiner, T. E. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11624-005 · Cited by 11
Zhu, H., Tong, X., Carlisle, N. B., Xie, H., Keller, C. J., Oathes, D. J., Liu, F., Nemeroff, C. B., Fonzo, G. A., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102151 · Cited by 10
Xu, Y., Li, J., Xie, Q., & Deng, H. (2018) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.248 · Cited by 11
“Adolescence is characterized by major physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes (Wigfield, Eccles, Mac Iver, Reuman, & Midgley, 1991) as well as increased mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression (Enns & Cox, 1997; Holden, 2000).”
BackgroundStroud, C. H., Cramer, R. J., Guardia, A. C. L., Crosby, J. W., & Henderson, C. E. (2015) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2015.1096240 · Cited by 10
“Commonly implicated traits across studies of psychopathology are high levels of Neuroticism and low levels of Extraversion (Duberstein, Conner, Conwell, & Cox, 2001; Enns & Cox, 1997; Hill & Kemp-Wheeler, 1986).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Anxiety Sensitivity in the Development of Anxious and Depressive Symptoms
Ho, M. R., Auerbach, R. P., Jun, H. L., Abela, J. R. Z., Zhu, X., & Yao, S. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9280-8 · Cited by 9
Relationship between suicidal ideation and personality in substance abusers
Ashoori, A., Habibi, M., Malayeri, M. T., & Esmali, A. (2009) · International behavioral sciences/International journal of behavioral sciences · Cited by 8
Temperament traits and remission of depression: A naturalistic six-month longitudinal study
Gurpegui, D., Ortuño, F., & Gurpegui, M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.041 · Cited by 8
Zhao, H., Shi, H., Ren, Z., He, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Pu, Y., Cui, L., Wang, S., Zhao, J., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604797 · Cited by 9
Cassin, S., & Rector, N. (2012) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.18 · Cited by 9
Personality Predispositions and Loneliness in Adolescence
Salimia, A., & Jowkar, B. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.242 · Cited by 7
Sami, A. H., & Naveeda, N. (2021) · Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal · doi:10.25217/igcj.v4i1.848 · Cited by 8
“…Relationship of Personality Traits and Perceived Social Support 2 Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-11, January 2021 these associations and at least six theoretical models (Clark, 2005; Enns & Cox, 1997; Klein et al., 2011; Krueger, & Tackett, 2003; Watson & Clark, 1995).”
BackgroundPerfectionism, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Dysfunctional Beliefs, and Automatic Thoughts
Mathew, M., Sudhir, P. M., & Mariamma, P. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.2753/imh0020-7411430103 · Cited by 7
Extension of the hierarchical model of anxiety and depression to the personality domain
Kotov, R. I. (2006) · doi:10.17077/etd.3nmm1ta5 · Cited by 7
“Thus, it is possible that other measures of Perfectionism may be able to capture additional variance in Social Phobia.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Effect of Anxiety and Nutritional Habits on the Body Distortion of Athletes.
Ramírez-Goerke, M. I., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17040682 · Cited by 6
“Individuals with neuroticism tend to be more prone to developing anxiety [30–32].”
Hjemdal, O., Friborg, O., & Stiles, T. C. (2010) · Bulletin de psychologie · doi:10.3917/bupsy.510.0457 · Cited by 6
Personal and Social Functioning: A Pilot Study
Hudson, W. W., Mathiesen, S. G., & Lewis, S. J. (2000) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/514474 · Cited by 6
Hjordt, L. V., Dam, V. H., Ozenne, B., Hageman, I., Mahon, B. M., Mortensen, E. L., Knudsen, G. M., & Stenbæk, D. S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.015 · Cited by 6
Cognitive epidemiology: psychological and social risk mechanisms for psychosis
van Os, J., Janssen, I., Hanssen, M., Bak, M., Myin‐Germeys, I., Marcelis, M. C., Bijl, R. C., Vollebergh, W., & Delespaul, P. (2002) · Steinkopff eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57516-7_4 · Cited by 6
Comparison of Self-Criticism in Obsessive-Compulsive, Major Depression Patients and Normal People
Golestaneh, S. M., Dehghani, F., & Hoseini, F. (2017) · Jentashapir Journal of Health Research · doi:10.5812/jjhr.62161 · Cited by 4
“These people focus on severe self-judge in achieving the goals and are unable to enjoy their progress (7).”
BackgroundChalk, H. M. (2007) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 4
Jouybari, T. A., Zakiei, A., Salemi, S., Lak, Z., Mohebian, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Bajoghli, H., Hookari, S., & Kamani, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66673-y · Cited by 4
Sind Kompetenz- und Kontrollüberzeugungen depressionsabhängig? - Eine Verlaufsuntersuchung
Weinmann, M., Bader, J.-P., Endrass, J., & Hell, D. (2001) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026//1616-3443.30.3.153 · Cited by 4
The perfectionism model of binge eating : idiographic and nomothetic tests of an integrative model
Sherry, S. (2006) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan) · Cited by 4
Emotional scars : impact of childhood trauma on depressive and anxiety disorders
Hovens, J. G. F. M. (2011) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University) · Cited by 4
Foundations and Future of Well-Being
Athota, V. S. (2017) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2021-4.ch012 · Cited by 3
Norman, U. A., Truijens, F. L., Desmet, M., & Meganck, R. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103860 · Cited by 5
Kredentser, M. S., Mackenzie, C. S., McClement, S., Enns, M. W., Hiebert‐Murphy, D., Murphy, D. J., & Chochinov, H. M. (2023) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s147895152300127x · Cited by 3
Self-citationAn Evaluation Model of Web-Based Distance Education for the Deaf Undergraduate
Li, Q., & Ming, M. (2009) · International Symposium on Intelligent Ubiquitous Computing and Education (IUCE) · doi:10.1109/iuce.2009.39 · Cited by 3
Neuroticism in Remitted Major Depression: Elevated with Early Onset but Not Late Onset of Depression
Gade, A., Kristoffersen, M., & Kessing, L. V. (2015) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000440813 · Cited by 3
A Evaluation Model of Web-Based Distance Education for the Deaf Undergraduate
Li, Q., & Ming, M. (2009) · International Conference on Information and Computing Science (ICIC) · doi:10.1109/icic.2009.82 · Cited by 3
Personality and the Expression of Symptomatology in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Urošević, S., Halverson, T. F., & Sponheim, S. R. (2019) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001060 · Cited by 3
“This pattern of findings could be interpreted as failing to support the scar model—model specifying that current personality attributes are permanently altered by psychopathology symptoms across the lifetime (Akiskal et al., 1983; Enns and Cox, 1997)—for SMI-normative personality associations.”
ResultInterpersonal mechanisms in recurrence of depression
Bos, E. H. (2005) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 3
A lower order structural examination of the neuroticism/negative emotionality domain
Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2011) · doi:10.17077/etd.03774mjg · Cited by 3
“Only a brief review will be presented here, in which I focus on the six disorders that will be included in the current study (for more detailed reviews, see Bienvenu & Stein, 2003; Enns & Cox, 1997; Kotov, Gamez, Schmidt, & Watson, 2010; Malouff, Thorsteinsson, & Schutte, 2005; Watson et al., 1988).”
BackgroundThe relationship between ego-depletion and sensory processing sensitivity
Sobocko, K. (2012) · doi:10.22215/etd/2012-06777 · Cited by 3
“the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire’ neuroticism subscales. Hypothesis 2. Based on Smolewska, McCabe, and Woody’s (2006) findings, I predicted that the Ease of Excitation and the Low Sensory Threshold subscales would show weak or moderate positive correlations with the extraversion subscales, as well as weak or mode…”
BackgroundAbusaq, S. H., Algshaneen, S. M., Sedran, M. S. A., Obyan, N. M., Al-Yami, H., Zubayd, F. H. S., Qureshah, A. M. H., Alsalem, I. M., Alyami, A. H. A. R., & garad, M. M. M. A. (2024) · Journal of Ecohumanism · doi:10.62754/joe.v3i8.4868 · Cited by 2
Baker, P. A., Seydavi, M., Akbari, M., Spada, M. M., & Kolubinski, D. C. (2024) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-024-00559-w · Cited by 3
Dimensiones de temperamento y carácter en pacientes con primer episodio de depresión mayor
Minaya, O., Fresán, A., & Lóyzaga, C. (2009) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 2
Waller, J. M. (2015) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 2
A role of personality and stress in the development of depressive symptoms in students
Kuznetsova, V. B., Knyazev, G. G., Дорошева, Е. А., Bocharov, A. V., & Savostyanov, A. N. (2016) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2016116121114-118 · Cited by 2
“Было установлено [13], что нейротизм может предрасполагать к депрессивному реагированию в ответ на стрессогенные события [13].”
Kilmer, J. N. (2013) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc271842 · Cited by 2
What Are (and What Are Not) the Existential Implications of Antidepressant Use?
Rego, M. D. (2005) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 2
The relationship between personality, stressors, and strains among Chinese workers
Cheng, J.-M. (2009) · UTC Scholar (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) · Cited by 2
Le trouble affectif saisonnier : la dépression hivernale
Gasbaoui, L. (2016) · HAL · Cited by 2
Yang, X., Yu, L., Zhang, S., Wei, Z., Xie, G., & Wang, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1375698 · Cited by 1
“Neuroticism, a partially heritable personality trait representing high emotionality and sensitivity (Matthews and Whiteman, 2009), maybe the strongest predictor of depression (Enns and Cox, 1997; Nouri et al., 2019; Crouse et al., 2024).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Enns, M. W., & Cox, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-04
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 274-284
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W1732822633
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- personality factors, depression, neuroticism, extraversion, dependency, self-criticism, obsessionality, perfectionism, personality predisposition, vulnerability model, course of depression, treatment selection
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Personality Development, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
