Cited by 387Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and Work-Related FatigueSleep and Wakefulness Research

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The Art of Entrainment

Roenneberg, Till, Daan, Serge, Merrow, Martha·2003·Journal of Biological Rhythms

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Abstract

The circadian system actively synchronizes the temporal sequence of biological functions with the environment. The oscillatory behavior of the system ensures that entrainment is not passive or driven and therefore allows for great plasticity and adaptive potential. With the tools at hand, we now can concentrate on the most important circadian question: How is the complex task of entrainment achieved by anatomical, cellular, and molecular components? Understanding entrainment is equal to understanding the circadian system. The results of this basic research will help us to understand temporal ecology and will allow us to improve conditions for humans in industrialized societies.

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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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BackgroundInfluential
Prehatch entrainment of circadian rhythms in the domestic chick using different light regimes
Hill, W. L., Bassi, K. L., Bonaventura, L., & Sacus, J. E. (2004) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20021 · Cited by 21
More Than Morningness: The Effect of Circadian Rhythm Amplitude and Stability on Resilience, Coping, and Sleep Duration
Milia, L. V. D., & Folkard, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.782349 · Cited by 22
“The explanation for the age-related changes to the efficacy of the circadian system is attributed to the weakening of the supra-chiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the hypothalamus (Cornelissen and Otsuka, 2017; Hood and Amir, 2017) such that it becomes less responsive to environmental cues such as light (Roenneberg e…”
Background
Beat the Clock: Assessment of Night Eating Syndrome and Circadian Rhythm in a Sample of Greek Adults
Blouchou, A., Chamou, V., Eleftheriades, C., Poulimeneas, D., Kontouli, K., Gkiouras, K., Bargiota, Α., Gkouskou, K. K., Rigopoulou, E. I., Bogdanos, D. P., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16020187 · Cited by 20
“The circadian ( circa “about” and diem “day”) system consists of a multi-oscillator network synchronizing most behavioral and physiological functions with the environment, including hunger, time of food intake, metabolism and eating behavior [11–14].”
Background
Estimation bias and agreement limits between two common self-report methods of habitual sleep duration in epidemiological surveys
Korman, M., Zarina, D., Tkachev, V., Merikanto, I., Bjorvatn, B., Bjelajac, A. K., Penzel, T., Landtblom, A., Benedict, C., Chan, N. Y., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53174-1 · Cited by 19
Variations in the sleep–wake cycle from childhood to adulthood: chronobiological perspectives
Hickie, I. B., Carpenter, J. S., & Robillard, R. (2015) · ChronoPhysiology and Therapy · doi:10.2147/cpt.s41765 · Cited by 23
“Exposure to morning light typically advances circadian phase, whereas exposure to evening light typically results in a delay.(60,61) Thus, increased evening light exposure and decreased morning light exposure may contribute to the phase delays experienced in adolescence.”
Altered expression of circadian clock gene, mPer1, in mouse brain and kidney under morphine dependence and withdrawal
Wang, X., Wang, Y., Xin, H., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Zheng, H., Jiang, Z., Wan, C., Wang, Z., & Ding, J. (2006) · Journal of Circadian Rhythms · doi:10.1186/1740-3391-4-9 · Cited by 20
“This synchronization process is known as light entrainment, which occurs through daily light-induced phase advances and delays of the endogenous clock [19].”
Background
The time machine: feedback loops, post‐transcriptional regulation, and environmental integration in the plant circadian oscillator
Harmer, S. L. (2025) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.70275 · Cited by 19
Impact of Colored Light on Cardiorespiratory Coordination
Edelhäuser, F., Hak, F., Kleinrath, U., Lühr, B., Matthiessen, P. F., Weinzirl, J., & Cysarz, D. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/810876 · Cited by 19
“This way the circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is entrained every day [1, 2].”
Background
Optimal Implementations for Reliable Circadian Clocks
Hasegawa, Y., & Arita, M. (2014) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.113.108101 · Cited by 19
Bright light at night alters the perception of daylength in Indian weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus)
Kumar, J., Malik, S., Bhardwaj, S. K., & Rani, S. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2201 · Cited by 20
A Perspective Emphasizing Circadian Rhythm Entrainment to Ensure Sustainable Crop Production in Controlled Environment Agriculture: Dynamic Use of LED Cues
Marie, T. R. J. G., Leonardos, E. D., Lanoue, J., Hao, X., Micallef, B. J., & Grodzinski, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.856162 · Cited by 18
“A zeitgeber’s influence on ψ may also be masked by its direct action (Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
Background
Early- and Late-EmergingDrosophila melanogasterFruit Flies Differ in Their Sensitivity to Light During Morning and Evening
Vaze, K. M., Nikhil, K. L., Abhilash, L., & Sharma, V. K. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.680557 · Cited by 18
“The relationship between the phase of the entrained rhythm (ψ) and τ is now well established (Pittendrigh & Daan, 1976; Roenneberg et al., 2003; Sharma & Chidambaram, 2003; Sharma et al., 1998).”
Background
Evolution of clusters in large-scale dynamical networks
Proskurnikov, A. V., & Granichin, O. N. (2018) · Cybernetics and Physics · doi:10.35470/2226-4116-2018-7-3-102-129 · Cited by 18
“Studies on entrainment of biological rhythms gave birth to the field of chronobiology and opened up the new perspectives in control of limit-cycle oscillators [Johnson, 1999, Roenneberg et al., 2003, Efimov, 2011, Sacre and Sepulchre, 2014, Proskurnikov and Cao, 2017c, Medvedev et al., 2018].”
Background
Physiological and Behavioral Factors in Musicians’ Performance Tempo
Wright, S., & Palmėr, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00311 · Cited by 20
Extracellular pH Is Under Circadian Control inGonyaulax polyedraand Forms a Metabolic Feedback Loop
Eisensamer, B., & Roenneberg, T. (2004) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-120027979 · Cited by 18
“Similar to other circadian rhythms in Gonyaulax (e.g., bioluminescence and aggregation, Roenneberg et al., 2003), the pH-rhythm is influenced by nitrate.”
Background
Is cognition a matter of representations? Emulation, teleology, and time-keeping in biological systems
Rodríguez, Á., & Garzón, F. C. (2010) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712310385479 · Cited by 17
Anabolic Heterogeneity Following Resistance Training: A Role for Circadian Rhythm?
CAMERA, D. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00569 · Cited by 17
“…independently of external environmental stimuli however can be “entrained” by light exposure as well as other external cues such as scheduled feeding and exercise such that they are reset or modulated to be aligned with the timing of the specific environmental cue (Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
Background
From circadian clock mechanism to sleep disorders and jet lag: Insights from a computational approach
Goldbeter, A., & Leloup, J. (2021) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114482 · Cited by 22
Circadian stimulus – A computation model with photometric and colorimetric quantities
Truong, W., Vinh, T. Q., & Khanh, T. (2019) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153519887423 · Cited by 17
Three unrelated species, 3 sites, same host – monogenean parasites of the southern fiddler ray, Trygonorrhina fasciata, in South Australia: egg hatching strategies and larval behaviour
Glennon, V., Chisholm, L. A., & Whittington, I. D. (2006) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s003118200600998x · Cited by 17
“If the activity of an organism is triggered by lights switching on or off, the resulting activity rhythmmay appear as photic entrainment, when in fact the circadian clock has been masked (Roenneberg et al. 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
A (2008). From Reduction Back to Higher Levels
Bechtel, W., & Abrahamsen, A. A. (2008) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 17
Biological dysrhythm in remitted bipolar I disorder
Iyer, A., & Palaniappan, P. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.05.012 · Cited by 15
Dynamical differential expression (DyDE) reveals the period control mechanisms of the Arabidopsis circadian oscillator
Mombaerts, L., Carignano, A., Robertson, F. C., Hearn, T. J., Jin, J., Hayden, D., Rutterford, Z., Hotta, C. T., Hubbard, K. E., Martí, M. C., et al. (2019) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006674 · Cited by 21
Chronic chemotherapy with paclitaxel nanoparticles induced apoptosis in lung cancer in vitro and in vivo
Zhao, X., Fan, J., Wu, P., Wei, C., Chen, Q., Ming, Z., Yan, J., & Yang, L. (2019) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s188049 · Cited by 16
“In mammals, light acts to rapidly induce level of clock gene transcripts and regulates related “clock molecules” expression, 20 such as Per2.”
Background
Synchronization of circadian locomotor activity behavior in Caernorhabditis elegans: Interactions between light and temperature
Caldart, C. S., Freixas, A. E. C., & Golombek, D. A. (2020) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112000 · Cited by 15
On the Origin and Implications of Circadian Timekeeping: An Evolutionary Perspective
Nikhil, K. L., & Sharma, V. K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-3688-7_5 · Cited by 14
Identifying Specific Light Inputs for Each Subgroup of Brain Clock Neurons inDrosophilaLarvae
Klarsfeld, A., Picot, M., Vias, C., Chélot, E., & Rouyer, F. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5159-10.2011 · Cited by 15
“These clocks are thus called circadian (from Latin “approximately a day”), and need daily synchronization to the outside world, achieved mainly via specific light inputs (Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
Background
The circadian clock uses different environmental time cues to synchronize emergence and locomotion of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis
Beer, K., Schenk, M., Helfrich‐Förster, C., & Holzschuh, A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54111-3 · Cited by 14
Solar clock and school start time effects on adolescents' chronotype and sleep: A review of a gap in the literature
Ferrante, G. R., & Leone, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13974 · Cited by 15
“The impact of light on chronotype and sleep habits depends not only on the timing of light exposure (in both indoors and outdoors), but also on its intensity and duration (Roenneberg et al., 2003, 2010; Skeldon et al., 2017; Wright et al., 2013).”
Background
Foraging and homing behavior of honey bees (Apis mellifera) during a total solar eclipse
Waiker, P., Baral, S., Kennedy, A., Bhatia, S., Rueppell, A., Le, K. C., Amiri, E., Tsuruda, J. M., & Rueppell, O. (2019) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-018-1597-2 · Cited by 14
On the relevance of using laboratory selection to study the adaptive value of circadian clocks
Abhilash, L., & Sharma, V. K. (2016) · Physiological Entomology · doi:10.1111/phen.12158 · Cited by 13
“The duration and amplitude of light and temperature cycles are known to vary robustly across latitudes and, if circadian clocks are indeed adaptations to environmental variation across the day, features of clocks such as ψ , τ, amplitude and phase response curves (PRC; Box 1), which are considered to be crucial for ef…”
Background
Getting into rhythm: developmental emergence of circadian clocks and behaviors
Poe, A. R., Mace, K. D., & Kayser, M. S. (2021) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16157 · Cited by 12
Drosophila ezoana uses morning and evening oscillators to adjust its rhythmic activity to different daylengths but only the morning oscillator to measure night length for photoperiodic responses
Vaze, K. M., Manoli, G., & Helfrich‐Förster, C. (2023) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-023-01646-6 · Cited by 13
“The stronger the circadian clock, the larger are the expected phase changes, while weak damped clock are expected to behave almost like hour-glass clocks and keep a similar phase to lights-on (lights-off) under all Zeitgeber cycles (Roenneberg et al. 2003, 2005).”
Background
Light sampling behaviour regulates circadian entrainment in mice
Steel, L., Tam, S. K. E., Brown, L. A., Foster, F., & Peirson, S. N. (2024) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-024-01995-x · Cited by 15
“Adjustment of the circadian clock by external time cues (termed zeitgebers) is therefore necessary to maintain appropriate alignment between the internal clock and the external environment [10].”
Background
Flexibility in body temperature rhythms of free-living natal mole-rats (Cryptomys hottentotus natalensis)
Oosthuizen, M. K., Robb, G. N., Harrison, A., Froneman, A., Joubert, K. E., & Bennett, N. C. (2021) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102973 · Cited by 13
Circadian Entrainment ofNeurospora crassaPreprint
Merrow, M. W., & Roenneberg, T. (2007) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.2007.72.032 · Cited by 13
Morningness orientation is an important determinant to circadian misalignment and tolerance: an Asian perspective
Majumdar, P., & Sahu, S. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1682597 · Cited by 13
“Taken into consideration, the recent and potent questionnaire to evaluate circadian typology was developed by Roenneberg et al. (2003b) named as Munich Chronotype Questionnaire.”
Honey bee drones are synchronously hyperactive inside the nest
Neubauer, L. C., Davidson, J. D., Wild, B., Dormagen, D. M., Landgraf, T., Couzin, I. D., & Smith, M. L. (2023) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.05.018 · Cited by 12
Clock genes regulate skeletal muscle energy metabolism through NAMPT/NAD + /SIRT1 following heavy-load exercise
Xia, Y., Yao, B., Fu, Z., Li, L., Jin, S., Qu, B., Huang, Y., & Ding, H. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00261.2022 · Cited by 12
Beyond the limits of circadian entrainment: Non-24-h sleep-wake disorder, shift work, and social jet lag
Diekman, C. O., & Bose, A. (2021) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111148 · Cited by 12

Authors: Roenneberg, T., Daan, S., & Merrow, M.
Affiliations: Institut für Medizinische Psychologie (DE)
University of Groningen (NL)
ORCID: Roenneberg, Till
Merrow, Martha
Venue: Journal of Biological Rhythms
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2003-06
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 183-194
ISSN: 0748-7304 (ISSN-L)
1552-4531
DOI: 10.1177/0748730403018003001
OpenAlex: W2129473744
Cited by: 387
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 1.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Biological Rhythms (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: European Commission
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords: circadian entrainment, circadian system, biological oscillations, circadian plasticity, circadian adaptation, temporal ecology
MeSH terms: Animals, Biological Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Photoperiod

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