Cited by 387Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and Work-Related FatigueSleep and Wakefulness Research

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The Art of Entrainment

Roenneberg, Till, Daan, Serge, Merrow, Martha·2003·Journal of Biological Rhythms

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Abstract

The circadian system actively synchronizes the temporal sequence of biological functions with the environment. The oscillatory behavior of the system ensures that entrainment is not passive or driven and therefore allows for great plasticity and adaptive potential. With the tools at hand, we now can concentrate on the most important circadian question: How is the complex task of entrainment achieved by anatomical, cellular, and molecular components? Understanding entrainment is equal to understanding the circadian system. The results of this basic research will help us to understand temporal ecology and will allow us to improve conditions for humans in industrialized societies.

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Eilertsen, M., Norland, S., Dolan, D., Karlsen, R., Gomes, A. S., Bolton, C. M., Migaud, H., Rønnestad, I., & Helvik, J. V. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312911 · Cited by 4
Time after time – circadian clocks through the lens of oscillator theory
del Olmo, M., Ector, C., & Herzel, H. (2026) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.70257 · Cited by 5
“These features make them highly sensitive to external cues: even small stimuli can induce substantial phase shifts, enabling broad entrainment across a wide range of zeitgeber periods and waveforms [57,202,225].”
Living by the clock of the book: religious observance enhances circadian stability and reduces social jetlag in older adults, a cross-sectional study
Zarina, D., Berger, A., Fishbein, P., Tkachev, V., & Korman, M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23861-3 · Cited by 4
“…biobe-havioral regulatory process where external cues (known as zeitgebers), such as light, meals and social activity synchronize the body’s internal clock with physical and social environments, may offer a conceptual mechanistic framework linking religious lifestyle and sleep habits [11].”
A clock for all seasons in the subterranean
Oda, G. A., & Valentinuzzi, V. S. (2023) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-023-01677-z · Cited by 4
Modulations in the Experience of Duration
Wittmann, M., Jokić, T., & Pfeifer, E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22048-8_9 · Cited by 4
Quo Vadis, Chronopsychology?
Putilov, A. A. (2021) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-021-01187-y · Cited by 5
“While other scales usually contain at least fi ve questions to obtain overall assessments of morning/evening preference, the questions in this questionnaire sought to identify specifi c times on the time scale [Roenneberg et al., 2003].”
Background
Noise facilitates entrainment of a population of uncoupled limit cycle oscillators
Kumpošt, V., Hilbert, L., & Mikut, R. (2023) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2022.0781 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, cellular oscillators constantly adjust their phase and period based on the changes in the environment, thereby achieving entrainment [6].”
Background
Dynamic entrainment: A deep learning and data-driven process approach for synchronization in the Hodgkin–Huxley model
Saghafi, S., & Sanaei, P. (2024) · Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science · doi:10.1063/5.0219848 · Cited by 5
Effects of Circadian Disruption on Physiology and Pathology: From Bench to Clinic (and Back)
Chiesa, J. J., Duhart, J. M., Casiraghi, L. P., Paladino, N., Bussi, I. L., & Golombek, D. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08945-4_15 · Cited by 4
A circadian clock drives behavioral activity in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and provides a potential mechanism for seasonal timingPreprint
Hüppe, L., Bahlburg, D., Driscoll, R., Helfrich‐Förster, C., & Meyer, B. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.103096 · Cited by 4
“Under natural conditions, the rhythm of the central oscillator is synchronized to exactly 24 hr by predictable environmental cycles, called zeitgeber , of which light is usually the most important ( Roenneberg et al., 2003 ).”
Avian circadian clock genes: ontogeny and role for adaptive programming in avian embryos
Wellard, C. J., Weger, M., Gachon, F., & Buchanan, K. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1586580 · Cited by 5
“This circadian clock free-runs to a period of about 24 h, but is ‘entrained’ or re-set by external zeitgebers (“time giver” in German), the most potent of which is sunlight (Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
Impact of artificial light at night on zebrafish circadian rhythms: Insights from behavioural and molecular data
Frigato, E., Russi, G. D., Vergata, C., Codogno, G., Lucon‐Xiccato, T., Stefano Cannicci, A., Fratini, S., & Bertolucci, C. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181077 · Cited by 3
Biological Fluid Flows: Signaling Mediums for Circadian Timing
Duyvesteyn, E., Vizcarra, V. S., Waight, E., Balbuena, E., & Hablitz, L. M. (2025) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304251323318 · Cited by 4
Multi‐Wearable Approach for Monitoring Diurnal Light Exposure and Body Rhythms in Nightshift Workers
Hartmeyer, S. L., Phillips, N. E., Jassil, F. C., Joris, C., Dibner, C., Collet, T., & Andersen, M. (2025) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.70069 · Cited by 3
“…light [16], given its important role in human physiology and behavior, synchronizing biological processes across the human body to the 24 h day [17, 18], as well as directly affecting sleep propensity and alertness [19, 20] modulated by the spectrum and dose of light through a non-visual…”
Entrainment of Goodwin's oscillators by periodic exogenous signals
Proskurnikov, A. V., Cao, M., & Zhang, H. (2015) · IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) · doi:10.1109/cdc.2015.7402297 · Cited by 3
“[3]–[7] and references therein.”
Measuring honey bee feeding rhythms with the BeeBox, a platform for nectar foraging insects
Sokolowski, M. B. C., Bottet, G., & Dacher, M. (2024) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114598 · Cited by 3
Descartes and His Peculiar Sleep Pattern
Damjanović, A., Milovanović, S., & Trajanovic, N. N. (2015) · Journal of the History of the Neurosciences · doi:10.1080/0964704x.2015.1032057 · Cited by 4
CIRCADIAN STUDY OF DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS SYMPTOMS AND RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED VARIABLES IN RATS
Butler, B. D., Little, T. M., Sothern, R. B., & Smolensky, M. H. (2010) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420520903398609 · Cited by 3
“Environmental cues, such as a regular L/D cycle, plus associated social cues allow the biological clock to fine-tune the staging of circadian rhythms of body functions to meet the predictable-in-time demands of the environment specific to the various times of the day-night cycle (Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
Background
Chronobiologische Aspekte der Sommerzeit
Roenneberg, T. (2019) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-019-00227-7 · Cited by 3
“Die Sommerzeit mit den sogenannten „langen Abenden“ und weniger Licht am Morgen macht die Körperuhr übrigens noch später, da sie nur durch Licht am Morgen vorgestellt werden kann und durch Licht amAbend noch später gestellt wird [53].”
Background
Mechanisms of photic entrainment of activity/rest rhythms in populations of Drosophila selected for divergent timing of eclosion
Abhilash, L., & Sharma, V. K. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1727917 · Cited by 3
“Stable daily timing of behavior (ψENT), relative to environmental time-cues (zeitgebers), is brought about as a consequence of entrainment (Roenneberg et al. 2003).”
Background
Type 1 and Type 0 Resetting
Roenneberg, T., & Merrow, M. W. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_6170 · Cited by 3
Challenging the human circadian clock by Daylight Saving Time and Shift-Work
Kantermann, T. (2008) · doi:10.5282/edoc.9428 · Cited by 4
Chronotype, sleep, and glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a case-control study
Yılmaz, G. C., & Karadağ, M. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2024-0492 · Cited by 2
A circadian clock drives behavioral activity in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and provides a potential mechanism for seasonal timing
Hüppe, L., Bahlburg, D., Driscoll, R., Helfrich‐Förster, C., & Meyer, B. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.103096.3 · Cited by 2
An Explanatory Model of Speech Communication Centered on Multiscale Rhythmic Modulation: Implications for Motor Speech Assessment and Intervention for Individuals With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Rong, P., & Liston, E. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-24-00286 · Cited by 2
6-4 photolyase differentially modulates transcription in the vertebrate circadian clock
Li, H., Scheitle, C., Hu, X., Kaiber, J. J., Todo, T., Vallone, D., Fischer, R., & Foulkes, N. S. (2025) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1011971 · Cited by 2
“This internal clock ticks under constant conditions with an approximately 24 hours period [1,2] and so relies on regular resetting by environmental signals indicative of the time of day (so-called zeitgebers ) to ensure synchronization with the day-night cycle [3–5].”
Economical bluetooth low energy-based telemetry system with combined data processing method for long-term laboratory animal monitoring for biological rhythm research
Luo, H., Cheng, S., Jiang, Z., Hou, W., & Wang, Z. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1868489 · Cited by 2
“The environmental light (L)-dark (D) cycle is one of the major zeitgebers responsible for entraining the circadian clock to the external 24 h cyclic events (Roenneberg et al. 2003).”
Background
Crude saliva of Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto (Acari: Ixodidae) reduces locomotor activity and increases the hemocyte number in the females of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Cerri, F., Araújo, M. D. S., Aguirre, A. D. A. R., Evaristo, G. P. C., Evaristo, J. A. M., Nogueira, F. C. S., Medeiros, J. F., & Dias, Q. M. (2023) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108570 · Cited by 2
Impact of sleep–wake patterns and daily rhythms including training on midsleep time in adolescent basketball players during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kullik, L., Stork, M., Kellmann, M., Puta, C., & Jakowski, S. (2024) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-023-00933-3 · Cited by 2
“Since sunlight exposure as zeitgeber has lost in strength due to the access to electricity, the discrepancy between social and biological clock increased more and more (Roenneberg et al., 2003b; Wittmann, Dinich, Merrow, & Roen-neberg, 2006).”
Influential
Polyglot entrainment for higher dimensional neuronal models
Wijayasooriya, L., Khan, E., Qasim, R., & Sanaei, P. (2024) · Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science · doi:10.1063/5.0232907 · Cited by 2
The Deubiquitinase USP2 Modulates Photic Entrainment of the Circadian Clock at the Level of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Srikanta, S. B., Brown, T. W., Malescot, A., Cloutier, M., Zhu, L., Coutanson, C., Malki, M., Storch, K.-F., Rungta, R. L., Cayouette, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70018 · Cited by 2
“Another measure of entrainment is the relation of the endogenous rhythm to the external zeitgeber, assessed by the PAE, i.e. the time difference between lights off and the onset of locomotor activity of the mouse (Pittendrigh and Daan 1976; Roenneberg et al. 2003).”
Pulsed stimuli enable p53 phase resetting to synchronize single cells and modulate cell fate
Venkatachalapathy, H., Dallon, S., Yang, Z., Azarin, S. M., Sarkar, C. A., & Batchelor, E. (2025) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/s44320-025-00091-8 · Cited by 2
“This is particularly important for driving a coherent response in metabolic regulation as well as paracrine/endocrine signaling in multicellular organisms (Jiménez et al, 2022a; Gupta et al, 2016; Reppert and Weaver, 2002; Roenneberg et al, 2003).”
Sleep duration and quality trajectories during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic: a Canadian nationally representative study
Levasseur, A., Pelletier‐Dumas, M., Lacourse, É., Lina, J., Simonelli, G., & de la Sablonnière, R. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22617-3 · Cited by 2
“…remained stable throughout the pandemic, such as environmental signals that entrain circadian rhythms (i.e., zeitgebers), such as light exposure [75], meal timing [76], and some aspects of social routines [77], such as online interactions and in-person household interactions, rather than other…”
Lichttherapie: Zum Stand der aktuellen Forschung
Bassa, D., Canazei, M., Hinterhuber, H., & Weiss, E. M. (2013) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-013-0067-5 · Cited by 4
Effects of Photoperiod and Melatonin Implants on Feed Intake in Atlantic Salmon(Salmo SalarL.) Postsmolts
Maiolo, S., Hansen, T., Parisi, G., & Olsen, R. E. (2015) · Italian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4081/ijas.2015.4098 · Cited by 2
“In absence of environmental cues these endogenous oscillators should run close to 24 h, but most of the time they tune and reset in response to a specific external stimulus (Roenneberg et al., 2003).”
Background
Chronobiologie
Rémi, J. (2019) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-019-00232-w · Cited by 2

Authors: Roenneberg, T., Daan, S., & Merrow, M.
Affiliations: Institut für Medizinische Psychologie (DE)
University of Groningen (NL)
ORCID: Roenneberg, Till
Merrow, Martha
Venue: Journal of Biological Rhythms
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2003-06
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 183-194
ISSN: 0748-7304 (ISSN-L)
1552-4531
DOI: 10.1177/0748730403018003001
OpenAlex: W2129473744
Cited by: 387
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 1.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Biological Rhythms (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: European Commission
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords: circadian entrainment, circadian system, biological oscillations, circadian plasticity, circadian adaptation, temporal ecology
MeSH terms: Animals, Biological Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Photoperiod

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