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Nutrition Concerns and Health Effects of Vegetarian Diets
Abstract
Vegetarians exhibit a wide diversity of dietary practices, often described by what is omitted from their diet. When a vegetarian diet is appropriately planned and includes fortified foods, it can be nutritionally adequate for adults and children and can promote health and lower the risk of major chronic diseases. The nutrients of concern in the diet of vegetarians include vitamin B(12), vitamin D, ω-3 fatty acids, calcium, iron, and zinc. Although a vegetarian diet can meet current recommendations for all of these nutrients, the use of supplements and fortified foods provides a useful shield against deficiency. A vegetarian diet usually provides a low intake of saturated fat and cholesterol and a high intake of dietary fiber and many health-promoting phytochemicals. This is achieved by an increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole-grains, legumes, nuts, and various soy products. As a result of these factors, vegetarians typically have lower body mass index, serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and blood pressure; reduced rates of death from ischemic heart disease; and decreased incidence of hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers than do nonvegetarians.
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“Together with the well-described health benefits of plant-based diets typical of vegetarians and vegans50, 51, it is likely that the intestinal microbiome associated with residence in industrialized areas results from the Western diet.”
From Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease (2014) · cites this paper as [50]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Craig, W. J.
- Affiliations
- Andrews University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Craig, Winston John
- Venue
- Nutrition in Clinical Practice
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 613-620
- ISSN
- 0884-5336 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-2452
- OpenAlex
- W2144385490
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutrition in Clinical Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - Andrews University (Andrews University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- vegetarian diet, nutritional adequacy, vitamin B12, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, iron, zinc, fortified foods, dietary supplements, chronic disease risk, dietary fiber, phytochemicals, body mass index, cholesterol, blood pressure, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancer risk
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Deficiency Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Health Status, Humans, Neoplasms, Diet, Vegetarian
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