The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nutrition Concerns and Health Effects of Vegetarian Diets
Abstract
Vegetarians exhibit a wide diversity of dietary practices, often described by what is omitted from their diet. When a vegetarian diet is appropriately planned and includes fortified foods, it can be nutritionally adequate for adults and children and can promote health and lower the risk of major chronic diseases. The nutrients of concern in the diet of vegetarians include vitamin B(12), vitamin D, ω-3 fatty acids, calcium, iron, and zinc. Although a vegetarian diet can meet current recommendations for all of these nutrients, the use of supplements and fortified foods provides a useful shield against deficiency. A vegetarian diet usually provides a low intake of saturated fat and cholesterol and a high intake of dietary fiber and many health-promoting phytochemicals. This is achieved by an increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole-grains, legumes, nuts, and various soy products. As a result of these factors, vegetarians typically have lower body mass index, serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and blood pressure; reduced rates of death from ischemic heart disease; and decreased incidence of hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers than do nonvegetarians.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Together with the well-described health benefits of plant-based diets typical of vegetarians and vegans50, 51, it is likely that the intestinal microbiome associated with residence in industrialized areas results from the Western diet.”
From Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease (2014) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
Cites
Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective
Marmot, M. G., Atinmo, T., Byers, T., Chen, J., Hirohata, T., Jackson, A., James, W., Kolonel, L. N., Kumanyika, S., Leitzmann, C., et al. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-5024 · Cited by 5,368
Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences
Holick, M. F., & Chen, T. C. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.4.1080s · Cited by 2,689
Potential Synergy of Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention: Mechanism of Action
Liu, R. H. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.12.3479s · Cited by 2,295
Liu, R. H. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.3.517s · Cited by 2,213
Intensive Lifestyle Changes for Reversal of Coronary Heart Disease
Ornish, D. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.23.2001 · Cited by 1,730
The Effect of Fruit and Vegetable Intake on Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
Joshipura, K. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E. B., Speizer, F. E., Colditz, G., Ascherio, A., Rosner, B., Spiegelman, D., et al. (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-12-200106190-00010 · Cited by 1,396
Bingham, S. A., Day, N., Luben, R., Ferrari, P., Slimani, N., Norat, T., Clavel‐Chapelon, F., Kesse‐Guyot, E., Nieters, A., Boeing, H., et al. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13174-1 · Cited by 1,123
Efficacy and Safety of Plant Stanols and Sterols in the Management of Blood Cholesterol Levels
Katan, M., Grundy, S. M., Jones, P. J. H., Law, M., Miettinen, T. A., & Paoletti, R. (2003) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/78.8.965 · Cited by 1,078
Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption.
Lönnerdal, B. (2000) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.1093/jn/130.5.1378s · Cited by 1,003
Holick, M. F., Biancuzzo, R. M., Chen, T. C., Klein, E. K., Young, A., Bibuld, D., Reitz, R. E., Salameh, W. A., Ameri, A., & Tannenbaum, A. D. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2308 · Cited by 775
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–374 of 374
Громова, О. А. (2021) · Medical alphabet · doi:10.33667/2078-5631-2021-8-14-24 · Cited by 1
Alternativna prehrana: pregled literature
Šetinc, L. (2022) · Slovenian Medical Journal · doi:10.6016/zdravvestn.2994
How can vegetarian and vegan diets promote good health?
Fadnes, L. T., Meltzer, H. M., Henriksen, C., Arnesen, E., & Hay, G. (2022) · Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening · doi:10.4045/tidsskr.21.0846 · Cited by 1
How Does Replacement of Beef with Agushie Impact the Nutritional and Eating Quality of Beef Burgers?
Wy, A. (2020) · Food Science & Nutrition Technology · doi:10.23880/fsnt-16000238 · Cited by 1
Pimentel, C. V. D. M. B. (2014) · doi:10.11606/t.6.2014.tde-03112014-112316 · Cited by 1
Ge, H. (2011) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · Cited by 1
Graham, T. J. (2015) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17012678 · Cited by 2
Evaluation of nutrition information embedded in the grade 8 to 12 KwaZulu-Natal school curriculum
Naidoo, T. (2016) · doi:10.51415/10321/1624 · Cited by 1
Berning, J. R. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118692318.ch31 · Cited by 2
Vitamin D Status and Bone Mineral Density in Triathletes
Konstantarakis, M. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/5363912
PERBEDAAN KADAR KOLESTEROL LDL DAN HDL ANTARA WANITA VEGETARIAN TIPE VEGAN DAN NON-VEGAN
Edyanto, E., & Puruhita, N. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition College · doi:10.14710/jnc.v1i1.433
Creatinine clearance of strict vegetarianism practitioners: An observation
Wiwanitkit, V. (2014) · Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation · doi:10.4103/1319-2442.124562
The influence of dietary components on non-haem iron absorption by in vitro study
Rashed, A. A. (2012) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)
Alimentação Vegetariana: Abordagem Terapêutica Vegetarian Diet: Therapeutic Approach
Rute, D., & Ferreira, F. (2012)
Brignardello, J. H. R., Durán, A., & Brignardello, G. J. (2013)
Mogelijke additionele voordelen van preconceptiezorg bij de vrouw voor de volksgezondheid
Denktaş, S., Bakker, R., Vujković, M., Bonsel, G. J., & Steegers, E. A. P. (2012) · TSG - Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen · doi:10.1007/s12508-012-0176-8
Kann Komplementärmedizin einen aktiven Beitrag zur Prävention von Übergewicht leisten?
Simões‐Wüst, A. P. (2015) · Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Ganzheitsmedizin / Swiss Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1159/000368057
Refeeding syndrome in a vegan patient with stage IV gastric cancer: a novel case
Brown, T. V., & Moss, R. A. (2015) · The Journal of Community and Supportive Oncology · doi:10.12788/jcso.0118
Vilallonga, L. B., & Lofrano, J. (2013)
Navarro, J. C. A., Antoniazzi, L., Oki, A. M., Bonfim, M. C., Hochberg, C., Acosta-Cardenas, P., Guimarães, G., Santos, R. D., & Iriti, M. (2015) · International Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.14302/issn.2324-7339.ijn-14-461
Leczenie żywieniowe u chorych na nowotwory piersi
Lewandowska, A., & Woźniak, A. E. (2017) · Hematologia · doi:10.5603/hem.2017.0023
Kahleová, H., Hill, M., & Pelikánová, T. (2014)
Fallon, N., Ennion, S. M., Karuri, A., & Dillon, S. A. (2018) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665118000320
Thinking outside the box and beyond the slaughterhouse
Borrello, M., Cicia, G., & Cembalo, L. (2019) · ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE · doi:10.3280/ecag2019-001008
Rehn, S. (2019) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Studiu sociologic privind atitudinea tinerilor non-vegani asupra veganismului
Alaei, K.-M. (2019) · Sociologie Romaneasca · doi:10.33788/sr.17.4
Certain aspects of vegetarianism in infants
Василенко, Н. В., & Лагно, С. Л. (2016) · Family Medicine · doi:10.30841/2307-5112.2(64).2016.102494
Diet and its effect on prostate cancer, with a focus on plant-based diet
Štruncová, D., & Dymáčková, R. (2020) · Klinicka onkologie · doi:10.14735/amko2020s52
The Formulation of a Meatless Pepperoni Product Utilizing Dairy Ingredients.
Fomich, M. (2020) · The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University)
Ambrósio, A., Vasconcelos, L., Raposo, M., & Ferreira‐Pêgo, C. (2021) · Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Research · doi:10.19277/bbr.18.1.248
Vitamin D in health and disease
Soeters, P. B., & de Leeuw, P. W. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820205-0.00019-0
Doglikuu, B. D., Abubakari, A., Yaseri, M., Shakibazadeh, E., Djazayery, A., & Mirzaei, K. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0399.v1
A Conversation about Healthy Eating
Lesica, N. A. (2017) · UCL Press eBooks · doi:10.14324/111.9781911576754 · Cited by 1
(2015) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/s0020-7292(15)30032-1
Cross-National Measures of the Treatment of Animals
Tauber, S. C. (2022) · Society and Animals · doi:10.1163/15685306-bja10084
Comparative study of micronutrient content in soft rice beverages based on green and black tea
Zhilinskaya, N. T., Atayev, M., Ivanchenko, O. B., Kuznetsova, T., Musta, N., & Blandov, A. (2022) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/20224802009
Kler, P., Sobczuk, S., Hlúbik, J., & Bertrandt, J. (2022) · Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk · doi:10.37055/slw/155066
The Anthropic Principle from a Theological Perspective
Vasile, A. J. (2014) · Dialogo · doi:10.51917/dialogo.2014.1.1.9
Dietary restriction, vegetarian diet, and aging intervention
Suttajit, M., Thangaleela, S., Sivamaruthi, B. S., & Charoensin, S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90581-7.00023-2 · Cited by 1
PERBANDINGAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN PADA KELOMPOK VEGETARIAN DAN NON-VEGETARIAN DI KOTA DENPASAR
Heryanto, A., Wihandani, D. M., & Wiryanthini, I. A. D. (2021) · E-Jurnal Medika Udayana · doi:10.24843/mu.2021.v10.i2.p14
Nutritional Aspects of Vegetarian Diets
(2020) · American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610024181-11
Kim, J., Choi, E. J., Jang, W. Y., Kim, S. A., Heo, K., Kang, H., Kang, J., Kim, Y.-T., Shim, J.-J., & Lee, J.-L. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3582285/v1
Mukherjee, U., & Venkataraman, P. (2024) · Problemy Ekorozwoju · doi:10.35784/preko.5324
Nutritional Care for Cancer with Sustainable Diets: A Practical Guide
Shaida, B., Rastogi, M., & Rikhari, A. (2024) · World sustainability series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47122-3_8
Suplemento da IV Jornada da SAMMG & XII Congresso SAMMG
(2024) · Revista Médica de Minas Gerais · doi:10.5935/2238-3182.2024v34s2
Einführung, Mythen und ernährungswissenschaftliche Grundlagen
Kolm, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68301-9_1
Ernährungs- und Gesundheitsaspekte pflanzlicher Lebensmittelalternativen
McClements, D. J., Großmann, L., & Wagemans, A. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52639-8_5
Alarfaj, H. M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.72168
Rei, M. C. C., Walker, C., Bergin, A., Kearney, J. M., & Rodrigues, S. S. P. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2024.2431205
Influence of vegan and vegetarian diet on oral health
Montenegro, A. N., Bálsamo, F., Brusca, M. I., Zunini, G., & Jewtuchowicz, V. M. (2024) · Salud Integral y Comunitaria · doi:10.62486/agsalud2024116
Nutritional Aspects of Vegetarian Diets
(2025) · American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610027700-ch11
Dash, S., Pradhan, S., Sahoo, B., Parida, S., & Rath, B. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23967-0.00013-9
Costa, Y. H. A. D. M., & FERRAZ, G. G. R. D. S. (2025) · Health Residencies Journal - HRJ · doi:10.51723/hrj.v6i30.1151
Yao, D., Qian, L., Jin, Y., Wang, X., Lu, X., Song, F., & Shen, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1672143
Dwaraka, V. B., Aronica, L., Carreras-Gallo, N., Robinson, J. L., Hennings, T., Carter, M. M., Corley, M. J., Lin, A., Turner, L., Smith, R., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26751362
Dwaraka, V. B., Aronica, L., Carreras-Gallo, N., Robinson, J. L., Hennings, T., Carter, M. M., Corley, M. J., Lin, A., Turner, L., Smith, R., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26391705
Dwaraka, V. B., Aronica, L., Carreras-Gallo, N., Robinson, J. L., Hennings, T., Carter, M. M., Corley, M. J., Lin, A., Turner, L., Smith, R., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26391680
Bruns, A., Nebl, J., Jonas, W., Hahn, A., & Schuchardt, J. P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26646457
Additional file 1 of Vegetarian diet duration’s influence on women’s gut environment
Deng, X., Si, J., Qu, Y., Jie, L., He, Y., Wang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16726780
Dwaraka, V. B., Aronica, L., Carreras-Gallo, N., Robinson, J. L., Hennings, T., Carter, M. M., Corley, M. J., Lin, A., Turner, L., Smith, R., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26751365
Peremin, I., Gajski, G., Gerić, M., & Jakaša, I. (2026) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2026.03.003
Sustainable Nutrition and Health in Sports
AKKAYA, B. (2026) · SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17343/sdutfd.1767838
Tanous, D., Drenowatz, C. J., Ruedl, G., Wirnitzer, G., Schätzer, M., Kirschner, W., & Wirnitzer, K. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-02158-9
Puri, M., Kumar, M., Haleagrahara, N., Sahkumara, H., Rowarth, S., Robertson, K., Subbian, S., Warner, J., Rush, C. M., Ruscher, R., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.08.16.743391
Gender, Meat Consumption, and the Dietary Carbon Footprint of Gen Z
Erdal, B., Turhan, Ş., & Yıldız, L. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18189268
Rajput, R. (2026) · Journal of Hair Restoration and Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.25259/jhrrm_9_2026
Nutritional life-cycle assessment (nLCA) of five U.S. dietary patterns
Yoo, S. H., Atkare, A. A., Cruz, M., Allen, J. C., & Yang, M. (2026) · Cleaner Food Systems · doi:10.1016/j.clfs.2026.100068
Vitamin D and Athletic Performance: A Critical Assessment for Coaches and Athletes
McGuigan, L. C. (2012) · The Mathematics Enthusiast
Metadata
- Authors
- Craig, W. J.
- Affiliations
- Andrews University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Craig, Winston John
- Venue
- Nutrition in Clinical Practice
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 613-620
- ISSN
- 0884-5336 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-2452
- OpenAlex
- W2144385490
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutrition in Clinical Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - Andrews University (Andrews University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- vegetarian diet, nutritional adequacy, vitamin B12, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, iron, zinc, fortified foods, dietary supplements, chronic disease risk, dietary fiber, phytochemicals, body mass index, cholesterol, blood pressure, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancer risk
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Deficiency Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Health Status, Humans, Neoplasms, Diet, Vegetarian
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review