The Cambridge behavioral inventory: validation and application in a memory clinic
Abstract
The authors examined the validity of the Cambridge Behavioral Inventory (CBI), a questionnaire investigating broad neuropsychiatric symptoms and everyday functional ability in dementia. Test-retest reliability of the CBI was acceptable. Cross-validation with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory showed good concurrent validity of the CBI. The CBI reliably demonstrated that disinhibition, stereotypic behavior, elation, anxiety, poor self-care, and changes in eating habits occurred more commonly in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration than those with Alzheimer’s disease. The authors concluded that the CBI is a reliable informant-based assessment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and everyday functioning and may be a suitable tool for use in general clinical practice settings.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The Cambridge Behavioral Inventory-Revised assesses frequency of FTD-related symptoms.
“Similar to the FBI, the Cambridge Behavioral Inventory-Revised (CBI-R) assesses frequency of FTD-related symptoms (Nagahama et al., 2006; Wear et al., 2008).”
From The pursuit for markers of disease progression in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a scoping review to optimize outcome measures for clinical trials (2024) · cites this paper as Nagahama et al., 2006
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · see citing works
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · see citing works
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia
Cummings, J. L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D. A., & Gornbein, J. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.12.2308 · Cited by 7,568 · see citing works
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria
Neary, D., Snowden, J. S., Gustafson, L., Passant, U., Stuss, D., Black, S., Freedman, M., Kertesz, A., Robert, P. H., Albert, M., et al. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.51.6.1546 · Cited by 5,047 · see citing works
A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease
(1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.11.1356 · Cited by 4,175 · see citing works
(1987) · PubMed · Cited by 1,147 · see citing works
Psychiatric symptoms and nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer's disease
(1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.8.1049 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Bozeat, S. (2000) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.69.2.178 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Quality of Life in Alzheimer Disease
Shin, I. S., Carter, M., Masterman, D. L., Fairbanks, L. A., & Cummings, J. L. (2005) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.6.469 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Alzheimer Disease and Frontotemporal Dementias
Levy, M. L. (1996) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1996.00550070129021 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
A study of the Lund‐Manchester research criteria for frontotemporal dementia
Miller, B. L., Ikonte, C., Pontón, M. O., Levy, M. L., Boone, K. W., Darby, A. L., Berman, N., Mena, I. G., & Cummings, J. L. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.4.937 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The Columbia University Scale for Psychopathology in Alzheimer's Disease
Devanand, D. P., Miller, L. A., Richards, M., Marder, K. S., Bell, K., Mayeux, R. P., & Stern, Y. (1992) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1992.00530280051022 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Behavioral Disorders in Alzheimer Disease: A Transcultural Perspective
Binetti, G. G., Mega, M. S., Magni, E., Padovani, A., Rozzini, L., Bianchetti, A., Trabucchi, M., & Cummings, J. L. (1998) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.55.4.539 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Consequences of Non-Cognitive Symptoms of Dementia in Medical Hospital Departments
Wancata, J., Windhaber, J., Krautgartner, M., & Alexandrowicz, R. (2003) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/abxk-fmwg-98yp-d1cu · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Alzheimer Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia
Rozzini, L., Lussignoli, G., Padovani, A., Bianchetti, A., & Trabucchi, M. (1997) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550160005001 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Vanier, M., Mazaux, J., Lambert, J., Dassa, C., & Levin, H. S. (2000) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(00)90114-x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Richards, M., Folstein, M. F., Albert, M., Miller, L., Bylsma, F., Lafleche, G., Marder, K. S., Bell, K. L., Sano, M., Devanand, D., et al. (1993) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-199307010-00003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Loreck, D. J., Bylsma, F., & Folstein, M. F. (1994) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-199400210-00009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Non-cognitive symptoms of dementia in nursing homes: frequency, course and consequences
Wancata, J., Benda, N., Meise, U., & Windhaber, J. (2003) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0683-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Rabinowitz, J., Katz, I. R., Deyn, P. P. D., Brodaty, H., Greenspan, A. J., & Davidson, M. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n1006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Tran, M., Bédard, M., Molloy, D. W., Dubois, S. J., & Lever, J. A. (2003) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610203008858 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Cambridge Behavioural Inventory revised
Wear, H. J., Wedderburn, C. J., Mioshi, E., Williams-Gray, C. H., Mason, S. L., Barker, R. A., & Hodges, J. R. (2008) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/s1980-57642009dn20200005 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
The utility of the Cambridge Behavioural Inventory in neurodegenerative disease
Wedderburn, C. J., Wear, H. J., Brown, J. M., Mason, S. J., Barker, R., Hodges, J. R., & Williams‐Gray, C. H. (2007) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.122028 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
de Rover, M., Pironti, V. A., McCabe, J. A., Acosta‐Cabronero, J., Arana, F. S., Morein‐Zamir, S., Hodges, J. R., Robbins, T. W., Fletcher, P. C., Nestor, P. J., et al. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.037 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Focal posterior cingulate atrophy in incipient Alzheimer's disease
Pengas, G., Hodges, J. R., Watson, P., & Nestor, P. J. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.03.014 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Lai, C. K. Y. (2014) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s63504 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Hsieh, S., Irish, M., Daveson, N., Hodges, J. R., & Piguet, O. (2013) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988713495448 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Kipps, C., Hodges, J. R., Fryer, T. D., & Nestor, P. J. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp077 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Language and behavior domains enhance the value of the clinical dementia rating scale
Knopman, D. S., Weintraub, S., & Pankratz, V. S. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.12.006 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Emotion, social functioning and activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia
Kipps, C., Mioshi, E., & Hodges, J. R. (2009) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554790802632892 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Hornberger, M., Shelley, B. P., Kipps, C. M., Piguet, O., & Hodges, J. R. (2009) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.163873 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Predicting Rapid Clinical Progression in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Ahmed, S., Mitchell, J., Arnold, R. J., Nestor, P. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2008) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000113014 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Quality of life in primary progressive aphasia: What do we know and what can we do next?
Ruggero, L., Nickels, L., & Croot, K. (2019) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2019.1568135 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Measuring progression in frontotemporal dementia
Kipps, C., Nestor, P. J., Dawson, C. E., Mitchell, J., & Hodges, J. R. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000313366.76973.8a · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cognitive and behavioural inhibition deficits in neurodegenerative dementias
Migliaccio, R., Tanguy, D., Bouzigues, A., Sezer, I., Dubois, B., Ber, I. L., Batrancourt, B. M., Godefroy, V., & Lévy, R. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.001 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Léger, G. C., & Banks, S. J. (2014) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000354368 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mioshi, E., Kipps, C., & Hodges, J. (2009) · Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e318182d293 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
DAPHNE: a new tool for the assessment of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia
Boutoleau-Bretonnière, C., Evrard, C., Hardouin, J. B., Rocher, L., Charriau, T., Etcharry-Bouyx, F., Auriacombe, S., Richard-Mornas, A., Lebert, F., Pasquier, F., et al. (2015) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000440859 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Memory Complaints in Mild Cognitive Impairment, Worried Well, and Semantic Dementia Patients
Ahmed, S., Mitchell, J., Arnold, R. J., Dawson, K., Nestor, P. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2008) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e31816bbd27 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Neurobehavioral differences between Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia: A meta-analysis
Mathias, J. L., & Morphett, K. (2010) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390903427414 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Pronounced Impairment of Everyday Skills and Self-Care in Posterior Cortical Atrophy
Shakespeare, T. J., Yong, K. X. X., Foxe, D., Hodges, J. R., & Crutch, S. J. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-141071 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Monitoring progression of primary progressive aphasia: current approaches and future directions
Sapolsky, D., Domoto-Reilly, K., Negreira, A., Brickhouse, M., Mcginnis, S., & Dickerson, B. (2011) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt.11.2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Atri, A., Dickerson, B. C., Clevenger, C. K., Karlawish, J. H., Knopman, D. S., Lin, P., Norman, M., Onyike, C. U., Sano, M., Scanland, S., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14335 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cambridge Behavioural Inventory for the diagnosis of dementia
Hancock, P., & Larner, A. J. (2008) · Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/pnp.92 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
You stole my food! Eating alterations in frontotemporal dementia
Aiello, M., Silani, V., & Rumiati, R. I. (2016) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2016.1197952 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Clinical Phenotypes of Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia by Age at Onset
Fieldhouse, J. L. P., Gossink, F. T., Feenstra, T. C., de Boer, S. C. M., Lemstra, A. W., Prins, N. D., Bouwman, F. H., Koene, T., Rhodius‐Meester, H. F. M., Gillissen, F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210179 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Russo, G., Russo, M. J., Buyatti, D., Chrem, P., Bagnati, P., Suarez, M. F., Campos, J., Cohen, G., Amengual, A., Allegri, R., et al. (2014) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2014.06.024 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Apathy and disinhibition related to neuropathology in amnestic versus behavioral dementias
Borges, L. G., Rademaker, A. W., Bigio, E. H., Mesulam, M.-M., & Weintraub, S. (2019) · American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317519853466 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Cognitively Advanced Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Mathew, R., Pavithran, S., & Byju, P. (2018) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000493914 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Performance of Patients with Early Parkinson Disease on an Executive and Social Cognition Battery
Esteves, S., Gleichgerrcht, E. L., Torralva, T., Chade, A. R., Gómez-Arévalo, G., Gershanik, O. S., Manes, F. F., & Roca, M. (2018) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000159 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Fieldhouse, J. L. P., van Dijk, G., Gillissen, F., van Engelen, M. E., de Boer, S. C. M., Dols, A., van der Waal, H., Regeer, B. J., Vijverberg, E. G. B., & Pijnenburg, Y. A. L. (2022) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12898 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fieldhouse, J. L. P., van Paassen, D. N., van Engelen, M.-P. E., De Boer, S. C. M., Hartog, W. L., Braak, S., Schoonmade, L. J., Schouws, S. N. T. M., Krudop, W. A., Oudega, M. L., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1382593 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fieldhouse, J. L. P., van Engelen, M. E., Handgraaf, D., de Boer, S. C. M., Hooft, J. J. V. ’., Schouws, S. N. T. M., van Grootheest, D., Kerssens, C. J., Duits, F. H., van Harten, A. C., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.16426 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lee, K., Kim, S., & Liu, W. (2024) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.05.005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Caregiver perspectives enable accurate diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease
Murley, A. G., Bowns, L., Camacho, M., Williams‐Gray, C. H., Tsvetanov, K. A., Rittman, T., Barker, R. A., O'Brien, J. T., & Rowe, J. B. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14377 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kumfor, F., & Hodges, J. R. (2017) · doi:10.20584/neuropsychology.33.1_9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Baseline multimodal imaging to predict longitudinal clinical decline in atypical Alzheimer's disease
Coburn, R. P., Graff‐Radford, J., Machulda, M. M., Schwarz, C. G., Lowe, V. J., Jones, D. T., Jack, C. R., Josephs, K. A., Whitwell, J. L., & Botha, H. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.020 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nation-wide Japanese FTD consortium FTLD-J: Utility of case review meetings.
Sato, S., Mori, K., Masuda, M., Suzuki, M., Taomoto, D., Takasaki, A., Shigenobu, K., Ouma, S., Shinagawa, S., Kobayashi, R., et al. (2025) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.inpsyc.2025.100078 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Les troubles du comportement dans la variante frontale de la DFT : comment les explorer ?
Boutoleau‐Bretonnière, C., Vercelletto, M., & Thomas-Antérion, C. (2013) · Revue de neuropsychologie · doi:10.1684/nrp.2013.0261 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Assessment with Non-cognitive Screening Instruments and Combinations of Scales
Larner, A. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6371-8_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Assessment with Non-Cognitive Screening Instruments
Larner, A. J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75259-4_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Les troubles du comportement dans la variante frontale de la DFT : comment les explorer ?
Boutoleau‐Bretonnière, C., Vercelletto, M., & Thomas-Antérion, C. (2013) · Revue de neuropsychologie · doi:10.3917/rne.052.0119 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
interventions Measuring progression in frontotemporal dementia: Implications for therapeutic
Kipps, C., Nestor, P. J., Dawson, C., Mitchell, J. C., & Hodges, J. R. (2008)
Current awareness in geriatric psychiatry
(2007) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1631
Anxiety and Anxiety Syndromes in Patient with Dementia of Different Types
Смирнов, О. Р. (2021) · Психиатрия психотерапия и клиническая психология · doi:10.34883/pi.2021.12.1.009
Noncognitive Assessment and Combinations of Scales
Larner, A. J. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2377-4_3
- Authors
- Nagahama, Y., Okina, T., Suzuki, N., & Matsuda, M.
- Affiliations
- Shiga General Hospital (JP)
- Venue
- Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 220-225
- ISSN
- 0891-9887 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5708
- OpenAlex
- W2155906235
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- neuropsychiatric symptoms, dementia, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, daily functioning, informant-based assessment, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, disinhibition, stereotypy, self-care, dietary habits
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Ambulatory Care Facilities, Mental Disorders, Dementia, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stereotyped Behavior, Reproducibility of Results, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review