Apathy and disinhibition related to neuropathology in amnestic versus behavioral dementias
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: Investigating the frequency of apathy and disinhibition in patients clinically diagnosed with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) or behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) with neuropathology of either Alzheimer disease (AD) or frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Methods: Retrospective data from 887 cases were analyzed, and the frequencies of apathy and disinhibition were compared at baseline and longitudinally in 4 groups: DAT/AD, DAT/FTLD, bvFTD/FTLD, and bvFTD/AD. Results: Apathy alone was more common in AD (33%) than FTLD (25%), and the combination of apathy and disinhibition was more common in FTLD (43%) than AD (14%; P < .0001). Over time, apathy became more frequent in AD with increasing dementia severity (33%-41%; P < .006). Conclusions: Alzheimer disease neuropathology had the closest association with the neuropsychiatric symptom of apathy, while FTLD was most associated with the combination of apathy and disinhibition. Over time, the frequency of those with apathy increased in both AD and FTLD neuropathology.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The majority of longitudinal studies supported a crescendo-decrescendo trajectory of behavior in bvFTD, in which progressive and diverse behavioral disturbances were followed by dominating apathy.
“The majority of longitudinal studies (including a clinico-pathological study) supported a crescendo-decrescendo trajectory of behavior in bvFTD, in which progressive and diverse behavioral disturbances were followed by dominating apathy (Chow et al., 2012; O’Connor et al., 2016; Borges et al., 2019; Cosseddu et al., 2019).”
From The pursuit for markers of disease progression in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a scoping review to optimize outcome measures for clinical trials (2024) · cites this paper as Borges et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · see citing works
Hirono, N., Mori, E., Ikejiri, Y., Imamura, T., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, M., Yamashita, H., & Ikeda, M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21,010 · see citing works
Kok, J. S., Berg, I. J., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000353441 · Cited by 20,589 · see citing works
McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., Klunk, W. E., Koroshetz, W. J., Manly, J. J., Mayeux, R., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005 · Cited by 18,657 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia
Cummings, J. L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D. A., & Gornbein, J. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.12.2308 · Cited by 7,568 · see citing works
A New Clinical Scale for the Staging of Dementia
Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W., Coben, L. A., & Martin, R. L. (1982) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.140.6.566 · Cited by 7,056 · see citing works
Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia
Rascovsky, K., Hodges, J. R., Knopman, D., Mendez, M. F., Kramer, J. H., Neuhaus, J., van Swieten, J. C., Seelaar, H., Dopper, E. G. P., Onyike, C. U., et al. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr179 · Cited by 5,221 · see citing works
Self-citationFrontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria
Neary, D., Snowden, J. S., Gustafson, L., Passant, U., Stuss, D., Black, S., Freedman, M., Kertesz, A., Robert, P. H., Albert, M., et al. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.51.6.1546 · Cited by 5,047 · see citing works
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
Yudofsky, S. C., & Hales, R. E. (1992) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.4.4.359 · Cited by 3,818 · see citing works
Hyman, B. T., Phelps, C. H., Beach, T. G., Bigio, E. H., Cairns, N. J., Carrillo, M. C., Dickson, D. W., Duyckaerts, C., Frosch, M. P., Masliah, E., et al. (2012) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.10.007 · Cited by 3,092 · see citing works
Self-citationMontine, T. J., Phelps, C. H., Beach, T. G., Bigio, E. H., Cairns, N. J., Dickson, D. W., Duyckaerts, C., Frosch, M. P., Masliah, E., Mirra, S. S., et al. (2012) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0910-3 · Cited by 2,992 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, that study compared patients with DAT/AD to patients with clinical bvFTD, regardless of neuropathology.(16) Patients with dementia and noncognitive, behavioral symptoms are often mistaken for having psychiatric disease.”
Self-citationAppelhof, B., Bakker, C., den IJssel, J. C. L. V. D., Zwijsen, S. A., Smalbrugge, M., Verhey, F. R. J., de Vugt, M. E., Zuidema, S. U., & Koopmans, R. T. C. M. (2017) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000477087 · Cited by 2,773 · see citing works
Validation of the NPI-Q, a Brief Clinical Form of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory
Kaufer, D., Cummings, J. L., Ketchel, P., Smith, V. M., MacMillan, A., Shelley, T., López, O. L., & DeKosky, S. T. (2000) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.12.2.233 · Cited by 1,978 · see citing works
Morris, J. C. (1997) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610297004870 · Cited by 1,641 · see citing works
HYMAN, B. T., & TROJANOWSKI, J. Q. (1997) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199710000-00002 · Cited by 1,542 · see citing works
Clinical and Pathological Diagnosis of Frontotemporal Dementia
McKhann, G. M. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.11.1803 · Cited by 1,475 · see citing works
Cairns, N. J., Bigio, E. H., Mackenzie, I. R. A., Neumann, M., Lee, V. M.-Y., Hatanpaa, K. J., White, C. L., Schneider, J. A., Grinberg, L. T., Halliday, G., et al. (2007) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0237-2 · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
Self-citationConsensus Recommendations for the Postmortem Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
(1997) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00057-2 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
Morris, J. C., Weintraub, S., Chui, H. C., Cummings, J., DeCarli, C., Ferris, S., Foster, N. L., Galasko, D., Graff-Radford, N., Peskind, E. R., et al. (2006) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/01.wad.0000213865.09806.92 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Self-citationThe National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) Database: The Uniform Data Set
Beekly, D. L., Ramos, E. M., Lee, W. W., Deitrich, W. D., Jacka, M. E., Wu, J., Hubbard, J. L., Koepsell, T. D., Morris, J. C., & Kukull, W. A. (2007) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e318142774e · Cited by 907 · see citing works
Staging Dementia Using Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes Scores
O’Bryant, S. E. (2008) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.65.8.1091 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Ismail, Z., Smith, E. E., Geda, Y., Sultzer, D., Brodaty, H., Smith, G., Agüera‐Ortiz, L., Sweet, R., Miller, D., Lyketsos, C. G., et al. (2016) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.017 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Frontal behavioral inventory: diagnostic criteria for frontal lobe dementi
Kertesz, A., Davidson, W., & Fox, H. (1997) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100021053 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Dementia of frontal lobe type.
Neary, D., Snowden, J. S., Northen, B., & Goulding, P. (1988) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.3.353 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Woolley, J. D., Khan, B. K., Murthy, N. K., Miller, B. L., & Rankin, K. P. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06382oli · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Psychiatric Phenomena in Alzheimer's Disease. IV: Disorders of Behaviour
Burns, A., Jacoby, R. J., & Levy, R. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.157.1.86 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
The frontal behavioral inventory in the differential diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia
KERTESZ, A., NADKARNI, N., DAVIDSON, W., & THOMAS, A. W. (2000) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617700644041 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Behaviour in frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
Bathgate, D., Snowden, J. S., Varma, A. R., Blackshaw, A. J., & Neary, D. (2001) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2001.2000236.x · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Apathy and disinhibition in frontotemporal dementia
Zamboni, G., Huey, E., Krueger, F., Nichelli, P., & Grafman, J. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000324920.96835.95 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Tekin, S., Mega, M. S., Masterman, D. M., Chow, T. W., Garakian, J., Vinters, H. V., & Cummings, J. L. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.72 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Alzheimer Disease and Frontotemporal Dementias
Levy, M. L. (1996) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1996.00550070129021 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Tekin, S., Mega, M. S., Masterman, D. M., Chow, T. E., Garakian, J., Vinters, H. V., & Cummings, J. L. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.72.abs · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Clinicopathologic differences among patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia
Mendez, M. F., Joshi, A., Tassniyom, K., Teng, E., & Shapira, J. S. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182815547 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Distinctive Neurobehavioral Features Among Neurodegenerative Dementias
Hirono, N., Mori, E., Tanimukai, S., Kazui, H., Hashimoto, M., Hanihara, T., & Imamura, T. (1999) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.11.4.498 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY IN DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMER TYPE
Kumar, A., Koss, E., Metzler, D. M., Moore, A. M., & Friedland, R. P. (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802040-00005 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Mendez, M. F., Perryman, K. M., Miller, B. L., & Cummings, J. L. (1998) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610298005262 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Léger, G. C., & Banks, S. J. (2014) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000354368 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Cambridge behavioral inventory: validation and application in a memory clinic
Nagahama, Y., Okina, T., Suzuki, N., & Matsuda, M. (2006) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988706286545 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Association between apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele and apathy in probable Alzheimer's disease
Monastero, R., Mariani, E., Camarda, C., et al. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00597.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Making the Diagnosis of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Bigio, E. H. (2013) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2012-0075-ra · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [4]Cummings JL, Victoroff JI. Noncognitive neuropsychiatric syndromes in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1990; 3(2): 140– 158.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
What Do We Mean by Behavioral Disinhibition in Frontotemporal Dementia?
Magrath Guimet, N., Miller, B. L., Allegri, R. F., & Rankin, K. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.707799 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Fieldhouse, J. L. P., van Paassen, D. N., van Engelen, M.-P. E., De Boer, S. C. M., Hartog, W. L., Braak, S., Schoonmade, L. J., Schouws, S. N. T. M., Krudop, W. A., Oudega, M. L., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1382593 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Evidence and implications of abnormal predictive coding in dementia
Kocagoncu, E., Klimovich-Gray, A., Hughes, L. E., & Rowe, J. B. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab254 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Borges, L. G., Rademaker, A. W., Bigio, E. H., Mesulam, M.-M., & Weintraub, S.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Corresponding author
- Borges, Letizia G.
- Venue
- American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-06-06
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 337-343
- ISSN
- 0888-4897 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-3175
- 1938-2731
- PMC
- PMC7256964
- OpenAlex
- W2949147354
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer’s Disease Core Center (P30AG013854)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- apathy, disinhibition, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer-type dementia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, dementia severity, longitudinal change
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Disease Progression, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration, Frontotemporal Dementia, Apathy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
