Cited by 14Hospital Admissions and OutcomesDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchGeriatric Care and Nursing Homes

Discharge Communication of Dementia-Related Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Care Management Strategies during Hospital to Skilled Nursing Facility Transitions

Open access
Gilmore-Bykovskyi, Andrea L., Hovanes, Melissa, Mirr, Jacquelyn, Block, Laura·2021·Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology

Abstract

Provided the complexity of managing dementia-related neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), accurate communication about these symptoms at hospital discharge is critical to facilitating safe and effective transitions, particularly transitions from hospitals to skilled nursing facilities (SNF), which are often poorly managed. Skilled nursing facilities providers have cited undercommunication regarding NPS as a major challenge that contributes to poor outcomes including rehospitalization. This multisite retrospective cohort study identified omission rates for NPS and associated management strategies in discharge communication as compared to medical record documentation in the 72 hours preceding discharge among hospitalized patients with dementia. High rates of omission were found across NPS and management strategies: anxiety (94%), agitation/aggression (77%), hallucinations (85%), 1:1 supervision (90%), high fall risk (89%), use of restraints (91%). Omission rate for new or modified antipsychotic medication was 12.9%. Findings underscore the need for additional research on cross-setting communication regarding care needs of patients with dementia-who often cannot communicate these needs on their own-in facilitating high-quality transitions.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0891988720944245

Cites

70 of 70 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

37 of 89 cited sources checked · 8 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Evidence shows that people with dementia receive suboptimal care coordination.

    “Despite their distinct transitional care needs and heightened vulnerability, emerging evidence documents that people with dementia receive suboptimal care coordination.13, 14”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [13] source
    • cites [14] source

      The Introduction describes potentially preventable care transitions, and the Discussion reports that some people with substantial dementia-related impairments return home without formal services. The Discussion also identifies inefficiencies in the current system and a need to improve transitions. These findings suggest gaps in care, but the paper does not directly assess whether people with dementia receive suboptimal care coordination. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    People with dementia have disproportionately high use of acute and post-acute care, including hospitalizations, emergency department visits, 30-day re-hospitalizations, repeat emergency department visits, and post-acute care entry.

    “Specifically, people with dementia experience disproportionately higher rates of acute and post-acute care utilization, including hospitalizations, emergency department visits, 30-day re-hospitalization events, repeat emergency department visits, and entry into post-acute care settings.3, 15–20”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [3] source

      The Results sections on aggregate health care use and nursing facility use report more hospitalizations and nursing facility use among older adults with dementia than among those without dementia. The Results also report a 23% 30-day rehospitalization rate for those with dementia, but do not establish that this rate was disproportionately higher than in those without dementia. The passages do not report emergency department visits or repeat emergency department visits. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [15] source
    • cites [16] source

      The Results (p. 1321) report that, among hospitalized older adults, those with dementia had more than sixfold higher odds of nursing-home residence six months later. That supports a higher risk of subsequent institutionalization, but the paper does not establish higher hospitalization or emergency-department use, 30-day rehospitalization, repeat emergency visits, or entry into short-term post-acute care for people with dementia. Its outcome was long-term nursing-home residence, not short-term skilled-nursing-facility placement. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [17] source

      The Results (Patient Disposition and ED Return Rates; page unavailable) report higher hospital admission rates and more 30-day return ED visits among older adults with dementia than among those without dementia. The Abstract also reports more frequent ED visits. The cited paper does not establish higher rates of 30-day re-hospitalization or entry into post-acute care settings; its 30-day finding concerns ED returns, not hospital readmissions. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [18] source
    • cites [19] source
    • cites [20] source
  • Study design and conductcitation

    Pre-hospitalization dementia was identified with a validated algorithm from Taylor and colleagues.

    “patients with pre-hospitalization diagnosis of dementia were identified using a validated algorithm developed by Taylor and colleagues (ICD-9 codes 331.0, 331.1, 331.2, 331.7, 290.0, 290.1, 290.10, 290.11, 290.12, 290.13, 290.20, 290.21, 290.3, 290.40, 290.41, 290.42, 290.43, 294.0, 294.1, 294.8, and 797).39”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
  • Premisecitation

    SNF providers identify abrupt antipsychotic withdrawal before discharge as a common problem.

    “In addition, SNF providers highlight abrupt withdrawal of antipsychotics prior to discharge as a common problem.24, 28”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [28] source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) reports medication discrepancies during hospital-to-SNF transfers and includes atypical antipsychotics among the drug classes considered. It does not report SNF providers identifying abrupt antipsychotic withdrawal before discharge as a common problem. Searches for antipsychotic withdrawal and discontinuation found no passage establishing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationown data

    Discharge documentation in this study omitted essential information for informing safe care for persons with dementia at remarkably high rates, with many neuropsychiatric symptoms and care management strategies omitted more than 75% of the time.

    “Although the written discharge summary plays a critical role in helping providers at the next site of care establish an appropriate, safe, and individualized care plan, discharge documentation within this study omitted essential information for informing safe care for persons with dementia at remarkably high rates with many NPS and care management strategies being omitted more than 75% of the time”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims. 32
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia frequently complicate transitions, and acute illness or hospitalization can worsen them by removing familiar surroundings and routines.

    “Dementia-related neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) often complicate these transition events, as they are often exacerbated during acute illness and hospitalization due to the loss of familiar environments and routines.5–7”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [5] source
    • cites [6] source

      The sections on acute medical conditions and environmental triggers say that illness, changes in routine, and changes in physical or social surroundings can contribute to behavioral symptoms. The paper also associates these symptoms with hospital admissions, but the passages do not establish that hospitalization or transition events frequently worsen symptoms by removing familiar surroundings and routines. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [7] source
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    NPS are common and persistent non-cognitive dementia symptoms, generally understood to arise from personal, caregiving, and environmental factors.

    “Common and persistent non-cognitive symptoms in dementia, NPS are broadly understood to have personal, caregiving, and environmental determinants.8”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] source

      The Introduction describes behavioral and psychological symptoms as affecting the vast majority of people with dementia, and the review examines patient, caregiver, and environmental determinants. But persistence is established for particular symptoms, including agitation and aggression, rather than for NPS generally; the Findings summary calls agitation a common and persistent symptom unlike other neuropsychiatric symptoms. The blanket description of NPS as persistent therefore overstates the source. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Other common responses to disruptive or aggressive NPS include 1:1 observation and sometimes physical restraints, even though guidelines discourage physical restraint use.

    “Other commonly used strategies in response to disruptive or aggressive NPS include direct 1:1 observation and in some cases physical restraints despite extensive guidelines disincentivizing the use of physical restraints.11, 12”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] source
    • cites [12] source

      The Background (page not available) says physical restraints are commonly used in hospitals and that agitation and challenging behaviour can lead staff to use them. It does not establish that direct 1:1 observation is commonly used in response to disruptive or aggressive symptoms. It discusses a ‘least restraints’ policy and cites guidance, but does not state that extensive guidelines discourage restraint use. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hospital-to-SNF transitions are especially common among patients with dementia, since many already lived in a SNF and dementia raises the likelihood of discharge to a SNF compared with cognitively intact patients.

    “For patients with dementia, transitions into a Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) after hospitalization are particularly common given many are residing in a SNF prior to hospitalization (more than half of SNF patients have dementia) and compared to cognitively unimpaired persons, patients with dementia are more likely to be discharged to a SNF following hospitalization.3, 4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] source

      The Results (transition probabilities and compound transitions; page not provided) document frequent hospital-to-nursing-facility transfers among patients with dementia. The Introduction says a majority of nursing-facility residents have dementia, but also says most patients with dementia live in the community. The paper shows greater overall nursing-facility use among patients with dementia, not a direct comparison of post-hospital discharge to a nursing facility with cognitively unimpaired patients; it does not establish that many patients with dementia already lived in a facility before hospitalization. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [4] source

      The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that 64% of Medicare beneficiaries living in nursing homes have Alzheimer’s disease or a related dementia, supporting the ‘more than half’ point for that population. It does not establish that many hospitalized patients with dementia lived in a SNF before admission or that they are more likely than cognitively unimpaired patients to be discharged to one. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Abstraction followed standardized procedures using manuals and tools, with training and guidance based on prior work.

    “Abstraction procedures were performed in a standardized manner using abstraction manuals and tools with training and guidance for medical record review based on prior work.40, 41”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SNF providers report difficulty admitting dementia patients who need antipsychotics and say they routinely receive incomplete medication histories about inpatient antipsychotic use.

    “Of particular note, SNF providers report challenges admitting persons with dementia requiring antipsychotics to manage NPS and describe routinely receiving incomplete medication histories regarding antipsychotic utilization during hospitalization.24, 28”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [28] source

      The Medication Discrepancies section reports frequent mismatches in medication records at SNF admission, including discrepancies involving neuropsychiatric drugs; the Discussion lists atypical antipsychotics in that drug class. The paper does not report SNF providers describing difficulty admitting people with dementia or routinely receiving incomplete histories specifically about antipsychotic use during hospitalization. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    Communication around new or modified use of antipsychotic medications during hospitalization may provide subsequent caregivers with critical knowledge on therapeutic benefits, or lack thereof, which can inform later care management strategies.

    “Additionally, communication around new or modified use of antipsychotic medications during hospitalization may provide subsequent caregivers with critical knowledge on the therapeutic benefits, or lack thereof, for the patient with dementia which can inform later care management strategies.30, 45”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [30] source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [45] source
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    People with dementia are more likely to suffer adverse events such as falls, delirium, faster cognitive decline, and permanent institutionalization.

    “People with dementia are also more likely to experience other adverse events because of these acute care and post-acute utilization patterns, including falls, delirium, hastened cognitive decline and permanent institutionalization.19, 21, 22”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [19] source
    • cites [21] source
    • cites [22] source

      The Falls section says people with dementia have more incident falls than age-matched controls. The Hospitalizations section lists delirium and falls as frequent reasons for admission and reports higher rates of institutionalization after discharge. It does not establish hastened cognitive decline or permanent institutionalization, or show that acute and post-acute care utilization causes all the listed events; no page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Accurate, thorough discharge summary communication is critical for SNF staff managing dementia transitions and is an important information source for family members.

    “Not only is accurate and thorough discharge summary communication critical for SNF staff to adequately manage transitions for people with dementia, but it is an important source of information for family members.26”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] source

      The Results section, “Communication between staff and families at discharge” (page unavailable), reports that insufficient communication with services about patients’ needs and inadequate information for carers could compromise post-discharge care. It does not specifically discuss discharge summaries or communication with skilled nursing facility (SNF) staff, so those details are not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The written discharge summary plays a critical role in helping providers at the next site of care establish an appropriate, safe, and individualized care plan.

    “Although the written discharge summary plays a critical role in helping providers at the next site of care establish an appropriate, safe, and individualized care plan, discharge documentation within this study omitted essential information for informing safe care for persons with dementia at remarkably high rates with many NPS and care management strategies being omitted more than 75% of the time”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] source

      The Methods (page unavailable) describe using claims to track discharge destinations and subsequent care settings, not written discharge summaries. Searches for discharge summaries, information transfer, and care plans found no passage in our copy stating that summaries help receiving providers establish safe, individualized care plans. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Family members are key decision-makers in SNF transitions, but they may lack the detailed, accurate hospital-stay knowledge needed to make informed decisions.

    “Family members are integral stakeholders in decision-making surrounding transitions into SNF settings; however they may be unable to make informed decisions without detailed, accurate knowledge of the patient’s hospital stay.33, 34”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [33] source

      Results §§3.24 and 3.26 (page unavailable) describe family members making placement decisions under pressure, with limited communication and information about care options and the transition process. They do not say that families lack detailed, accurate knowledge of the patient’s hospital stay specifically. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [34]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hip/femur fracture and stroke were chosen because they account for many SNF admissions and carry high risk of adverse outcomes.

    “These conditions were selected as they constitute a high proportion of SNF admissions and are at high risk for adverse outcomes.36–38”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [36] source
    • cites [37] source
    • cites [38] source

      The Results > Unexpected Adverse Events section (page unavailable) reports serious adverse events among stroke survivors after inpatient rehabilitation, supporting the adverse-outcome rationale for stroke. The paper does not establish that stroke or hip/femur fracture accounts for a high proportion of SNF admissions, or assess adverse-outcome risk among patients admitted for hip/femur fracture. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Recent provider-perspective studies and a caregiver review identify poor transfer of NPS information as a major cause of poorly coordinated transitions and of stress and critical events like avoidable death or re-hospitalization.

    “Recent studies detailing the perspectives of hospital and SNF providers and a review examining perspectives of family caregivers identify inadequate transfer of information regarding NPS as a major factor in poorly orchestrated transitions and contributor to unnecessary patient, caregiver and staff stress, as well as critical events such as avoidable death or re-hospitalization.24–26”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [24]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [25] source
    • cites [26] source

      The Results sections on communication and preparation for discharge describe inadequate information-sharing, poorly coordinated planning, and carer distress. The section on coping post discharge also reports readmissions associated with carers’ inability to cope, including with problematic behavior. The review does not identify inadequate transfer of NPS information specifically as a major cause of these outcomes, or link it to staff stress or avoidable death. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Neuropsychiatric symptoms are both common and persistent in moderate to advanced disease stages.

    “However, evidence suggests that NPS are both common and persistent in moderate to advanced disease stages.6, 55”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several evidence-based transitional care models have excluded older adults with cognitive impairment in their initial testing, and thus their impact on care specific to persons with dementia remains unclear.

    “However, it is also important to note that several evidence-based transitional care models have excluded older adults with cognitive impairment in their initial testing, and thus their impact on care specific to persons with dementia remains unclear.66”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both the Transitional Care Model and the Interventions to Reduce Acute Care Transfers program have been shown to improve transitional care outcomes for various older adult populations.

    “Though TCM and INTERACT® target different points in the care continuum, both programs have been shown to improve transitional care outcomes for various older adult populations.62–65”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [62] source
    • cites [63] source
    • cites [64] source
    • cites [65] source

      The Results report reduced hospitalization rates among skilled nursing facilities that increased INTERACT use, supporting the INTERACT portion of the claim. But the paper also reports no differential reduction between intervention and control facilities in that group; it establishes an association, not that INTERACT itself improved outcomes. This citation does not need to support the Transitional Care Model portion, which may be covered by the other citations. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Individuals with dementia are generally over-represented among those using long-term care, and consequently the findings may reflect a dementia population with more advanced disease.

    “However, it is likely that individuals with dementia are generally over-represented among those using long-term care, and consequentially findings may reflect a dementia population with more advanced disease.16”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] source

      The Results report that a dementia diagnosis was associated with more than sixfold higher odds of nursing-home residence six months after hospitalization, supporting an association between dementia and long-term care use in the studied older adults. The paper does not establish that people with dementia are generally over-represented across long-term care settings, and it does not assess whether residents with dementia have more advanced disease. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Approaches have been developed to streamline integration of updated clinical data from other clinical disciplines into the discharge summary using algorithms built into the electronic health record.

    “In response, approaches have been developed to streamline integration of updated clinical data from other clinical disciplines into the discharge summary using algorithms built into the electronic health record.49”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] source

      The Pre-implementation section describes an EHR discharge-summary template with auto-populated elements, supporting the general idea of streamlining information entry. It does not say that built-in algorithms integrate updated clinical data from other clinical disciplines into the summary. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Providers may believe that information about preexisting or secondary diagnoses is already included in the patient's health record.

    “Similarly, information specific to preexisting or secondary diagnoses, such as dementia, are more frequently omitted in discharge summaries, potentially because providers may believe this information to already be included in the patient’s health record.50, 51”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [50] source
    • cites [51] source

      The Results (Table 3; page unavailable) show that a second diagnosis appeared in 76.9% of discharge summaries, compared with 97.9% for the primary diagnosis, supporting the point that secondary diagnoses were omitted more often. The paper does not say that providers omitted them because they believed the information was already in the patient’s health record; that proposed explanation is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Behavioral symptoms in particular are under-recognized and under-documented throughout hospitalization, meaning that any strategy designed to improve inter-setting communication may also need to necessitate improvements in recognition of condition-specific neuropsychiatric symptoms and management strategies in the acute care setting.

    “However, a major consideration regarding practical implementation of these approaches is the fact that behavioral symptoms in particular are under-recognized and under-documented throughout hospitalization, meaning that any strategy designed to improve inter-setting communication may also need to necessitate improvements in recognition of condition-specific neuropsychiatric symptoms and management”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Across patients with hip/femur fracture and stroke, documentation on neuropsychiatric symptoms was relatively consistent, though patients with hip/femur fracture had more documentation on anxiety and agitation/aggression while patients with stroke had more documentation on irritability/lability.

    “Across patients with hip/femur fracture and stroke, documentation on NPS was relatively consistent, though patients with hip/femur fracture had more documentation on anxiety and agitation/aggression while patients with a stroke had more documentation on irritability/lability (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Across patients with hip/femur fracture and stroke, care management strategies were documented in relatively proportionate numbers, though patients with hip/femur fracture had more documentation indicating use of 1:1 supervision.

    “Across patients with hip/femur fracture and stroke, care management strategies were documented in relatively proportionate number, though patients with hip/femur fracture had more documentation indicating use of 1:1 supervision (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Interrater reliability was assessed on a random 10% sample using Cohen's kappa, and disagreements were resolved by a third team member.

    “Interrater reliability and agreement assessment were evaluated for a randomly selected 10% of all patient records using Cohen’s κ, with disagreements on specific extraction and categorization of clinical documentation resolved by a third team member.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Because identifying individual NPS and their causes is difficult, telling the next care setting about specific NPS and current management strategies is essential for high-quality care coordination in this population.

    “Because efforts to prevent negative sequelae that accompany NPS are often hindered by difficulty identifying individual NPS and their underlying causes, alerting the next setting of care to specific NPS and existing management strategies is a critical component of high quality care coordination for this population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The final analytic sample was 298 patients for NPS, fall risk, restraints, and 1:1 supervision, and 296 for antipsychotics because two patients lacked medication administration record data.

    “This yielded a final analytic sample of 298 patients for evaluation of NPS, fall risk, restraints and 1:1 supervision, and 296 for evaluation of antipsychotic medications as 2 patients had missing medication administration record data in their EHR.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Across all abstracted variables, overall agreement was 95% and the average Cohen's kappa was 0.89.

    “Across all abstracted variables, overall percent agreement was 95%, and the Cohen’s κ average was 0.89.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Discharge to SNF was verified by a SNF claim within two days of hospital discharge.

    “Discharge to SNF settings was identified by evaluating documented discharge disposition which is mandatorily recorded by hospital staff and was verified by presence of a SNF claim within 2 days of hospital discharge.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hospital management of NPS often uses chemical restraints, mainly antipsychotics, which carry an FDA Black Box warning for dementia because of higher risks of cerebrovascular events and death.

    “Management of NPS in hospital settings often includes the use of chemical restraints, primarily antipsychotic medications, which have received a United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Black Box warning for their use among persons with dementia attributable to increased risk for cerebrovascular events and death.9, 10”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [10] source
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Identification of NPS in abstraction materials was guided by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory.

    “Guidance on identifying NPS within clinical documentation contained within abstraction manuals and tools was informed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory.42”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] source
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All abstractors received detailed training with manuals and tools, including supervised piloting of standardized record-access and abstraction methods.

    “All abstractors received detailed training with abstraction manuals and tools, which included demonstrated and supervised piloting of standardized methods for accessing medical records and abstracting study variables.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Poor communication or omission of NPS and management strategy information may substantially hinder nursing facilities from creating safe, individualized, person-centered care plans and may raise re-hospitalization risk.

    “Under-communication and omission of information about NPS and care management strategies may significantly limit the nursing facilities’ ability to develop a safe, individualized, person-centered care plan and subsequently increase risk for re-hospitalization.24, 25”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [25] source
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Written discharge summaries are used for admitting orders and remain the only mandated communication between providers after hospitalization in the United States.

    “Written discharge summaries are relied on for admitting orders in this context as they have historically been, and continue to be, the only mandated form of communication between providers following hospitalization in the United States.31”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Authoring providers may not consider clinical data elements generated by other disciplines as important for inclusion in the discharge summary.

    “Authoring providers may not consider these data elements as important for inclusion in the discharge summary.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Omission rates were computed at the patient level and only for patients who had clinical documentation of the specific symptom or management strategy.

    “Omission rates were only calculated for patients who had clinical documentation for a particular symptom or care management strategy and were calculated at a patient level.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The high rate of omission could reflect several practice patterns and issues related to structured requirements within written discharge summaries.

    “The high rate of omission could reflect several practice patterns and issues related to structured requirements within written discharge summaries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The omission rates are significant because behavioral care needs are challenging to prepare for, and lack of preparation can have serious safety implications for persons with dementia who may be at high risk for adverse events such as falling or elopement, and even re-hospitalization.

    “Altogether, these omission rates are significant as behavioral care needs are challenging to prepare for, and a lack of preparation can have serious safety implications for persons with dementia who may be at high risk for adverse events such as falling or elopement, and even re-hospitalization.24”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: Behavioral care needs are challenging to prepare for.
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study adopted a conservative, event-centered count of NPS documentation rather than counting mentions, to avoid bias from a less sensitive approximation.

    “This approach was adopted to provide a conservative and event-centered estimate of NPS documentation frequency, rather than for example counting the number of times descriptors such as “agitation” are mentioned which would serve as a less sensitive approximation for NPS events and introduce additional bias.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Four medical record abstractors with bachelor's or master's degrees and nursing or medical training independently extracted NPS and management strategy data from each patient's EHR.

    “Four medical record abstractors, with Bachelor’s and Master’s-level degrees and concurrent or prior training in nursing and medicine, independently reviewed and extracted data on NPS and care management strategies from each patient’s EHR.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Although the study ascertained that 30% of patients received nursing home care in the year leading up to their index hospitalization and were thus likely newly eligible for skilled nursing facility benefits in continuation of pre-existing long-term care, it was unable to confirm long versus short-term designation via longitudinal skilled nursing facility claims data.

    “Additionally, although we were able to ascertain that 30% of patients received nursing home care in the year leading up to their index hospitalization and were thus likely newly eligible for SNF benefits in continuation of pre-existing long-term care, we were unable to confirm long vs short-term designation via longitudinal SNF claims data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    There may be other patient factors, like comorbid psychiatric conditions or delirium, that impact occurrence and communication of neuropsychiatric symptoms and care management strategies that are not controlled for in calculating rates of omission.

    “There may be other patient factors, like comorbid psychiatric conditions or delirium, that impact occurrence and communication of NPS and care management strategies that are not controlled for in calculating rates of omission.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    This study examined discharge communication in a limited sample of patients from two hospital settings from the years 2003-2009.

    “This study has limitations, particularly given it examined discharge communication in a limited sample of patients from two hospital settings from the years 2003–2009.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These study findings lend support to the need for additional evaluation of the contribution of poor discharge communication to negative post-acute outcomes and events.

    “Provided the extensive reports of substantial disparities, bounce-backs, and stressful transitions that persons with dementia experience after hospitalization, these study findings lend support to the need for additional evaluation of the contribution of poor discharge communication to negative post-acute outcomes and events.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because information about neuropsychiatric symptoms or management strategies is not a mandated component of written discharge summaries, authoring providers may not consider or think to include it in written discharge communication.

    “It is also possible that, because information about NPS or management strategies are not mandated components of written discharge summaries, authoring providers may not consider or think to include them in written discharge communication.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This study evaluated omissions of information in discharge communication as compared to clinical documentation in the electronic health record, and as such, likely under-documents the true prevalence of dementia-specific symptoms.

    “This study evaluated omissions of information in discharge communication as compared to clinical documentation in the EHR, and as such, likely under-documents the true prevalence of dementia-specific symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Providers may differentially document and communicate information regarding care management strategies in order to avoid discharge delays and increase the likelihood of placement in a skilled nursing facility.

    “As such, providers may differentially document and communicate information regarding care management strategies in order to avoid discharge delays and increase likelihood of placement in a SNF.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These approaches could be integrated into communication during hospital to skilled nursing facility transitions for patients with dementia.

    “These approaches could be integrated into communication during hospital to SNF transitions for patients with dementia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    A likely concern in moving towards more comprehensive discharge communication is increased documentation burden and potential inaccuracy in information communicated under the current model of authoring discharge summaries, which often relies on one provider to author the discharge communication.

    “In moving towards more comprehensive discharge communication, a likely concern is increased documentation burden and potential inaccuracy in information communicated under the current model of authoring discharge summaries, which often relies on one provider to author the discharge communication.31”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The decision to discharge older adults to a skilled nursing facility setting is often made without a standardized system or framework and is often used as a safety net for older adults.

    “Prior research also highlights that the decision to discharge older adults to a SNF setting is often made without a standardized system or framework, and is often used as a “safety net” for older adults.53”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] source
48 of 48
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Management of NPS during acute and post-acute illness had not been examined before this study.

    “Despite the importance of NPS management for patients with dementia, their management surrounding acute and post-acute illness has not been previously examined.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The extent and type of written discharge communication about NPS and management strategies had not been studied outside qualitative reports.

    “While inadequate and inaccurate written discharge communication has been cited as exacerbating existing poor communication surrounding transitions into SNFs for patients with dementia, the type and extent of written discharge communication regarding NPS and care management strategies has not been previously examined outside of qualitative reports.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Behavioral care needs are challenging to prepare for.

    “Altogether, these omission rates are significant as behavioral care needs are challenging to prepare for, and a lack of preparation can have serious safety implications for persons with dementia who may be at high risk for adverse events such as falling or elopement, and even re-hospitalization.24”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • When communication was poor, whether inconsistent, delayed, or overly technical, caregivers frequently felt isolated, overwhelmed, and excluded from decision making.

    “When communication was poor, whether inconsistent, delayed, or overly technical, caregivers frequently felt isolated, overwhelmed, and excluded from decision making (Freedman et al., 2022; Gilmore-Bykovskyi et al., 2021; Holton et al., 2023).”

    From Mind the gap: a systematic review of barriers, facilitators, and experiences of care transitions for people living with dementia and their informal caregivers. (2026) · cites this paper as Gilmore-Bykovskyi et al., 2021

    The Introduction (page unavailable) describes inaccurate or conflicting discharge information and links inadequate information transfer to caregiver stress. The Discussion (page unavailable) says communication practices do not reflect families’ needs and calls for greater caregiver engagement. The paper does not report that caregivers frequently felt isolated, overwhelmed, or excluded from decisions, or identify delayed or overly technical communication as causes. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Inadequate support for the facility selection process, especially regarding respite care, frequently led to exhaustion and guilt.

    “Inadequate support for this process, especially regarding respite care, frequently led to exhaustion and guilt (Gilmore-Bykovskyi et al., 2021; Wright et al., 2024).”

    From Mind the gap: a systematic review of barriers, facilitators, and experiences of care transitions for people living with dementia and their informal caregivers. (2026) · cites this paper as Gilmore-Bykovskyi et al., 2021

    The Discussion (page unavailable) discusses decisions to discharge older adults to skilled nursing facilities without a standardized framework, while the Introduction links poor information transfer to caregiver stress. Neither passage addresses support for selecting a facility or respite care, or says that inadequate support frequently led to exhaustion and guilt. Searches for respite care, exhaustion, guilt, and facility selection found no passage establishing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Möhler R, 2016, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, CD012476
  2. Gilmore-Bykovskyi AL, 2017, Gerontologist, 57, 867
  3. Gibson MJ, 2012, Family Caregiving and Transitional Care: A Critical Review
  4. Jacobsen JML, 2017, Gerontologist, 57, 1123
  5. Dean SM, 2016, Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf, 42
  6. Whitlatch CJ, 2018, Gerontologist, 58, S58
  7. Gitlin LN, 2018, Report to the National Advisory Council on Alzheimer’s Research, Care, and Services
  8. Gilmore-Bykovskyi A, 2014, Fed Pract, 31, 30
  9. Crowther GJ, 2017, Age Ageing, 46, 112
  10. Cross DA, 2019, Am J Manag Care, 25, e7

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Gilmore-Bykovskyi, A. L., Hovanes, M., Mirr, J., & Block, L.
Affiliations
  • University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Nursing, Madison, WI, USA
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Venue
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology
Published
2020-08-19
Volume
34
Issue
5
Pages
378-388
ISSN
  • 0891-9887 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-5708
OpenAlex
W3052705857
Cited by
14
References
70
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
FWCI
1.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Aging (K76AG060005)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Hospital Admissions and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
Keywords
dementia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, hospital discharge communication, skilled nursing facilities, antipsychotic drugs, restraint, fall risk, agitation, hallucinations, anxiety, hospital readmission, clinical documentation
MeSH terms
Communication, Dementia, Hospitals, Humans, Patient Discharge, Patient Transfer, Retrospective Studies, Skilled Nursing Facilities

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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