Cited by 162Emotional Intelligence and PerformanceEmotions and Moral BehaviorSocial and Intergroup Psychology

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On Angry Leaders and Agreeable Followers: How Leaders’ Emotions and Followers’ Personalities Shape Motivation and Team Performance

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Van Kleef, Gerben A., Homan, Astrid C., Beersma, Bianca, van Knippenberg, Daan·2010·Psychological Science

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Abstract

Do followers perform better when their leader expresses anger or when their leader expresses happiness? We propose that this depends on the follower's level of agreeableness. Anger is associated with hostility and conflict-states that are at odds with agreeable individuals' goals. Happiness facilitates affiliation and positive relations-states that are in line with agreeable individuals' goals. Accordingly, the two studies we conducted showed that agreeableness moderates the effects of a leader's emotional displays. In a scenario study, participants with lower levels of agreeableness responded more favorably to an angry leader, whereas participants with higher levels of agreeableness responded more favorably to a neutral leader. In an experiment involving four-person teams, teams composed of participants with lower average levels of agreeableness performed better when their leader expressed anger, whereas teams composed of participants with higher average levels of agreeableness performed better when their leader expressed happiness. Team performance was mediated by experienced workload, which was highest among agreeable followers with an angry leader. Besides having important practical implications, the findings shed new light on the fundamental question of how emotional expressions regulate social behavior.

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Authors: Van Kleef, G. A., Homan, A. C., Beersma, B., & van Knippenberg, D.
Affiliations: University of Amsterdam
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
University of Amsterdam (NL)
Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
ORCID: Homan, Astrid C.
Beersma, Bianca
van Knippenberg, Daan
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2010-10-25
Volume: 21
Issue: 12
Pages: 1827-1834
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1177/0956797610387438
OpenAlex: W2164711014
Cited by: 162
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 9.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO 452-09-010, 452-09-010)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotional Intelligence and Performance
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: anger, happiness, agreeableness, followers, leader-follower relationships, team performance, workload, affiliation, hostility, conflict
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anger, Emotions, Female, Group Processes, Humans, Leadership, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Personality, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Workload, Young Adult

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On Angry Leaders and Agreeable Followers: How Leaders’ Emotions and Followers’ Personalities Shape Motivation and Team Performance

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