Compensatory control in the regulation of human performance under stress and high workload: A cognitive-energetical framework
Abstract
This paper presents a cognitive-energetical framework for the analysis of effects of stress and high workload on human performance. Following Kahneman's (1973) model, regulation of goals and actions is assumed to require the operation of a compensatory control mechanism, which allocates resources dynamically. A two-level compensatory control model provides the basis for a mechanism of resource allocation through an effort monitor, sensitive to changes in the level of regulatory activity, coupled with a supervisory controller which can implement different modes of performance-cost trade-off. Performance may be protected under stress by the recruitment of further resources, but only at the expense of increased subjective effort, and behavioural and physiological costs. Alternatively, stability can be achieved by reducing performance goals, without further costs. Predictions about patterns of latent decrement under performance protection are evaluated in relation to the human performance literature. Even where no primary task decrements may be detected, performance may show disruption of subsidiary activities or the use of less efficient strategies, as well as increased psychophysiological activation, strain, and fatigue after-effects. Finally, the paper discusses implications of the model for the assessment of work strain, with a focus on individual-level patterns of regulatory activity and coping.
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If recovery is inadequate or task demands persistently exceed individual adaptability, accumulated fatigue may impair short-term performance and long-term health outcomes.
“Nonetheless, if recovery is inadequate or task demands persistently exceed individual adaptability, accumulated fatigue may impair short-term performance (e.g., learning efficiency) and long-term health outcomes (e.g., chronic stress) [52].”
From Effect of classroom physical activity breaks on learning behaviors and academic achievements in university students: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Nonetheless, if recovery is inadequate or task demands persistently exceed individual adaptability, accumulated fatigue may impair short-term performance (e.g., learning efficiency) and long-term health outcomes (e.g., chronic stress) [52].”
- Authors
- Robert J. Hockey, G.
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-03
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 73-93
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2147851174
- Cited by
- 1,753
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 144 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 109 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 101 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Keywords
- compensatory control, stress, high workload, human performance, cost-performance trade-off, effort monitoring, supervisory control, fatigue, job strain, coping, goal regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Cognition, Fatigue, Humans, Stress, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Workload
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