The Development of Episodic Memory: Items, Contexts, and Relations
Open accessAbstract
Episodic memory involves the formation of relational structures that bind information about the stimuli people experience to the contexts in which they experience them. The ability to form and retain such structures may be at the core of the development of episodic memory. In the first experiment reported here, 4- and 7-year-olds were presented with paired-associate learning tasks requiring memory structures of different complexity. A multinomial-processing tree model was applied to estimate the use of different structures in the two age groups. The use of two-way list-context-to-target structures and three-way structures was found to increase between the ages of 4 and 7. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the ability to form increasingly complex relational memory structures develops between the ages of 4 and 7 years and that this development extends well into adulthood. These results have important implications for theories of memory development.
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In humans, the ability to form episodic memories for events bound into a specific spatiotemporal context emerges at an age between 3 and 4 years.
“In humans, the ability to form episodic memories for events bound into a specific spatiotemporal context already emerges at an age between 3 and 4 years.266”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [266]
The General Discussion (page unavailable) reports that 4-year-olds could bind list contexts with items when the context cue was made more salient. But the study did not test 3-year-olds or establish that this ability emerges between ages 3 and 4; it found that more complex binding continues to develop later. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation
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- Authors
- Yim, H., Dennis, S. J., & Sloutsky, V. M.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-09-20
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2163-2172
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC9295207
- OpenAlex
- W2131855799
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD056105, R01HD078545)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- episodic memory, memory development, paired-associate learning, multinomial processing tree model, children's memory, cognitive development
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Statistical, Memory, Episodic
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