Cited by 898Misinformation and Its ImpactsSocial and Intergroup PsychologyDeception detection and forensic psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Debunking: A Meta-Analysis of the Psychological Efficacy of Messages Countering Misinformation

Open access

Chan, Man-pui Sally, Jones, Christopher R., Hall Jamieson, Kathleen, Albarracín, Dolores·2017·Psychological Science

DOI 10.1177/0956797617714579PMC PMC5673564

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

This meta-analysis investigated the factors underlying effective messages to counter attitudes and beliefs based on misinformation. Because misinformation can lead to poor decisions about consequential matters and is persistent and difficult to correct, debunking it is an important scientific and public-policy goal. This meta-analysis ( k = 52, N = 6,878) revealed large effects for presenting misinformation ( ds = 2.41–3.08), debunking ( ds = 1.14–1.33), and the persistence of misinformation in the face of debunking ( ds = 0.75–1.06). Persistence was stronger and the debunking effect was weaker when audiences generated reasons in support of the initial misinformation. A detailed debunking message correlated positively with the debunking effect. Surprisingly, however, a detailed debunking message also correlated positively with the misinformation-persistence effect.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0956797617714579

Cites

42 of 42 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
The Effect of Riding as an Alternative Treatment for Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Wang, G., Ma, R., Qiao, G., Wada, K., Aizawa, Y., & Satoh, T. (2015) · Integrative Medicine International · doi:10.1159/000368408 · Cited by 18,762
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225
Untitled work
(1999) · Cited by 6,104
A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality.
Kahneman, D. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.9.697 · Cited by 5,540
Encyclopedia of human behavior
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-0638 · Cited by 3,250
Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis
Viechtbauer, W., & Cheung, M. W.-L. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.11 · Cited by 2,949

Show all 42 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Johnson-Laird P. N., 2013, Cognitive consistency: A unifying concept in social psychology, 225
Johnson-Laird P. N., 1991, Deduction
*Thorson E. A. (2013). Belief echoes: The persistent effects of corrected misinformation (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania). Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3564225

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 893

The distorting effects of producer strategies: Why engagement does not reveal consumer preferences for misinformation
Stewart, A. J., Arechar, A. A., Rand, D. G., & Plotkin, J. B. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2315195121 · Cited by 16
Persistence of Misinformation
Zhou, Y., & Shen, L. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009397339 · Cited by 8
The moderating effects of 5W-based elements on rumor refutation strategies on social media during public health emergency: A case study of COVID-19 pandemic
Dong, X., Lian, X., & Lian, Y. (2025) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2025.104131 · Cited by 9
How media competition fuels the spread of misinformation
Amini, A., Bayiz, Y. E., Lee, E.-J., Somer‐Topcu, Z., Mărculescu, R., & Topcu, U. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu7743 · Cited by 9
Correcting False Information: Journalistic Coverage During the 2016 and 2020 US Elections
Miro, C. J., & Anderson, J. C. (2023) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2023.2293830 · Cited by 9
Thinking about Believing: Can Metacognitive Reflection Encourage Belief Updating?
O'Leary, A., & Fletcher, W. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12050047 · Cited by 8
Overcoming resistance to belief revision and correction of misinformation beliefs: psychophysiological and behavioral effects of a counterfactual mindset
Rose, J. M., Ganbold, O., Rose, A. M., Thibodeau, J. C., & Rotaru, K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63230-5 · Cited by 8
Use and Assessment of Sources in Conspiracy Theorists’ Communities
Schatto-Eckrodt, T., Boberg, S., Wintterlin, F., & Quandt, T. (2020) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39627-5_3 · Cited by 8
When Pundits Weigh In: Do Expert and Partisan Critiques in News Reports Shape Ordinary Individuals’ Interpretations of Polls?
Kuru, O., Josh Pasek, B., & Traugott, M. W. (2020) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2020.1774780 · Cited by 11
A Vax4HPV Mobile Application for Parents of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine–Eligible Children
Kim, K., de Campos, A. P., & Choi, S. (2021) · CIN Computers Informatics Nursing · doi:10.1097/cin.0000000000000832 · Cited by 8
Interventions to mitigate COVID-19 misinformation: protocol for a scoping review
Kumar, N., Walter, N., Nyhan, K., Khoshnood, K., Tucker, J. D., Bauch, C. T., Ding, Q., Jones-Jang, S. M., Choudhury, M. D., Schwartz, J. L., et al. (2022) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-022-01917-4 · Cited by 10
“Masks do not work”: COVID-19 misperceptions and theory-driven corrective strategies on Facebook
Borah, P., Kim, S. C., & Hsu, Y. (2022) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-11-2021-0600 · Cited by 8
Faking and Conspiring about COVID-19: A Discursive Approach
Scardigno, R., Paparella, A. N., & D’Errico, F. (2022) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2023.5660 · Cited by 8
The Truth Is Around Here Somewhere
Bost, P. R. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0018 · Cited by 8
Why the Powerful (in Weak States) Prefer Conspiracy Theories
Radnitz, S. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0023 · Cited by 8
A Review of Online Dyslexia Learning Modules
Anderson, A., Sarlo, G. L., Pearlstein, H., & McGrath, L. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.00118 · Cited by 8
Argumentative Deliberation and the Development of Intellectual Humility and Autonomy in the Classroom
Brasi, L. D. (2020) · Cogency · doi:10.32995/cogency.v12i1.339 · Cited by 9
Effectiveness of WhatsApp based debunking reminders on follow-up visit attendance for individuals with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial in India
Favaretti, C., Pillai, V. S., Murthy, S., Chandrasekar, A., Yan, S. D., Sulaiman, H., Gautam, A., Kaur, B., Ali, M. K., McConnell, M. A., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19894-9 · Cited by 7
Fluid intelligence but not need for cognition is associated with attitude change in response to the correction of misinformation
Hutmacher, F., Appel, M., Schätzlein, B., & Mengelkamp, C. (2024) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-024-00595-1 · Cited by 7
Correcting misinformation about the Russia-Ukraine War reduces false beliefs but does not change views about the War
Porter, E. V., Scott, R., Wood, T., & Zhandayeva, R. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307090 · Cited by 7
Continued influence of false accusations in forming impressions of political candidates
Cohen, M. S., Halewicz, V., Yıldırım, E., & Kable, J. W. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae490 · Cited by 6
Relative source credibility affects the continued influence effect: Evidence of rationality in the CIE
Hey, C. V., Schaper, M. L., & Bayen, U. J. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106000 · Cited by 7
The Role of Narratives in Countering Health Misinformation: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Ma, Z., & Ma, R. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2025.2453451 · Cited by 8
PROTOCOL: Counter-narratives for the prevention of violent radicalisation: A systematic review of targeted interventions
Carthy, S. L., Doody, C. B., O’Hora, D. P., & Sarma, K. M. (2018) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.202 · Cited by 8
“We want to do more, but…”: New Jersey public library approaches to misinformation
Paris, B. S., Carmien, K., & Marshall, M. B. (2022) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2022.101157 · Cited by 7
Rage of righteousness: Anger's role in promoting debunking effects during the COVID-19 pandemic
Peng, K., Zheng, Y., Qiu, Y., & Li, Q. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107896 · Cited by 7
Images say more than just words: visual versus text communication to dispel a rent-control misconception
Brandts, J., Busom, I., López-Mayán, C., & Panadés, J. (2024) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-023-09817-7 · Cited by 7
Examining the role of information integration in the continued influence effect using an event segmentation approach
Sanderson, J. A., Farrell, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271566 · Cited by 7
Epistemic obligations and free speech
Millar, B. (2022) · Analytic Philosophy · doi:10.1111/phib.12279 · Cited by 8
Divulgadores, no influencers: comunicación de nutricionistas en redes sociales
Castillo, Í. M., González, M. D. M. R., & Murillo, M. F. M. (2023) · Vivat Academia · doi:10.15178/va.2024.157.e1495 · Cited by 7
Fact-Checking: Journalistic Strategies and Audience Outcomes in Diverse National Contexts
Ognyanova, K. (2024) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990241238247 · Cited by 7
Effects of Social Media Involvement, Context, and Data-Type on Opinion Formation
Asher, D. E., Caylor, J. P., & Neigel, A. R. (2018) · International Workshop on Social Sensing (SocialSens) · doi:10.1109/socialsens.2018.00019 · Cited by 7
Detecting falsehood relies on mismatch detection between sentence components
Weil, R., & Mudrik, L. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104121 · Cited by 6
You can[’t] catch the sun in a net!: Children’s misinterpretations of educational science television
Bonus, J. A., & Watts, J. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105004 · Cited by 7
An Epistemic Defense of News Abstinence
Bernecker, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198863977.003.0014 · Cited by 8
Knowing when to act: A call for an open misinformation library to guide actionable surveillance
Dunn, A. G., Steffens, M., Dyda, A., & Mandl, K. D. (2021) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517211018788 · Cited by 7
Effective strategies for changing public opinion: A literature reviewPreprint
Harris, J. (2021) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/pg8sk · Cited by 7
Can we reduce facial biases? Persistent effects of facial trustworthiness on sentencing decisionsPreprint
Jaeger, B., Todorov, A. T., Evans, A. M., & van Beest, I. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a8w2d · Cited by 9
Antiracism and its Discontents: Opposition to Antiracism is a Widespread and Politically Influential Racial Ideology among White AmericansPreprint
Wetts, R., & Willer, R. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/xvcf2 · Cited by 7
Fake-News Attitude Evaluation in Terms of Visual Attention and Personality Traits: A Preliminary Study for Mitigating the Cognitive Warfare
Menicocci, S., Lupo, V., Ferrara, S., Giorgi, A., Serra, E., Babiloni, F., & Borghini, G. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14111026 · Cited by 7
Diplomacy disrupted: A mixed-methods analysis of Russian disinformation at the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention
Sundelson, A. E., Grönvall, G. K., Ackerman, G. A., Limaye, R. J., Watson, C., & Sell, T. K. (2025) · Politics and the Life Sciences · doi:10.1017/pls.2025.3 · Cited by 6
Reducing Misinformation Credibility: How Explanations Impact the Effectiveness of Social Media Warning Labels and Fact-Checking Source Recall
Mena, P. (2025) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990251347657 · Cited by 7
Exploring Conceptualizations of COVID-19 Risk in Ideologically Distinct Online Communities: A Computational Grounded Theory Analysis
Adekunle, T. B., Foote, J., Adekunle, T. E., TeBlunthuis, N., & Nelson, L. K. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/67968 · Cited by 6
Harmony in robotic synergy: exploring how service robot collaborative capability affects hospitality employee value co-creation intentions
Liu, X., Zheng, X., Zhang, L., & Yang, S. (2025) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-11-2024-1742 · Cited by 6
(Media Attention to) Misinformation Can Undermine Trust in Scientists
Hoes, E., von Hohenberg, B. C., Gessler, T., Qian, S., & Wojcieszak, M. (2025) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-025-10090-y · Cited by 7
Experiencing misinformation: The effect of pre-exposure warnings and debunking on psychic beliefs
Kuhn, G., Marín, J. O., Simmons, K., Thomas, C., & Möhr, C. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218221116437 · Cited by 6
Estimating the impact of immediate versus delayed corrections on belief accuracy
Ahn, S., Bergan, D. E., Ma, S., & Carnahan, D. (2023) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2023.2202728 · Cited by 6
Education Shapes Future Legal Practitioners’ Evaluation of Legal Cases
Battista, F., & Beuf, T. L. F. D. (2024) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/24732850.2024.2323485 · Cited by 8
A large-scale study and six-month follow-up of an intervention to reduce causal illusions in high school students
Martínez, N., Matute, H., Blanco, F., & Barberia, I. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.240846 · Cited by 5
Debunking Misinformation and Communicating Critical Events in Vaccine Trials
Memenga, P., Eitze, S., Shamsrizi, P., Addo, M. M., & Betsch, C. (2022) · European Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.47368/ejhc.2022.204 · Cited by 8
The Analysis of Entrepreneurial Intention at Undergraduate Students of Universitas Syiah Kuala during the COVID–19 Pandemic: Entrepreneurial Capital Building
Suryani, A. I., & Megawati, M. (2022) · Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis · doi:10.18196/mb.v13i2.14529 · Cited by 6
Can We Detect Bias in Political Fact-Checking? Evidence from a Spanish Case Study
Fernández-Roldán, A., Elías, C., Santiago-Caballero, C., & Teira, D. (2023) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2023.2262444 · Cited by 11
Strategic communication in the Covid-19 pandemic
Macagno, F., & Trevisan, A. C. (2024) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.339.08mac · Cited by 9
Exploring the effectiveness of virtual reality in combating misinformation on climate change
Erişen, E., Yildirim, F., Duran, E., Şar, B., & Kalkan, I. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.13057 · Cited by 7
Dealing with Disinformation: Evaluating the Case for Amendment of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act
Hwang, T. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.012 · Cited by 12
Combating Disinformation: Effects of Timing and Correction Format on Factual Knowledge and Personal Beliefs
Schaewitz, L., & Krämer, N. C. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61841-4_16 · Cited by 8
Волновая (де)проблематизация: освещение пандемии коронавируса в России на федеральном телеканале
Kazun, A., & Казун, А. П. (2020) · Monitoring obŝestvennogo mneniâ: èkonomičeskie i socialʹnye peremeny · doi:10.14515/monitoring.2020.6.1754 · Cited by 6
Fact-checking as a deterrent? A conceptual replication of the influence of fact-checking on the sharing of misinformation by political elites
Ma, S., Bergan, D. E., Ahn, S., Carnahan, D., Gimby, N., McGraw, J., & Virtue, I. (2022) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqac031 · Cited by 8
Refuting Spurious COVID-19 Treatment Claims Reduces Demand and Misinformation SharingPreprint
MacFarlane, D., Tay, L. Q., Hurlstone, M. J., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/q3mkd · Cited by 6
The issues caused by misinformation—How workers and organizations deal with it: A systematic literature review. An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper
Malhotra, A., Evans, N., Gao, J., Du, J. T., & Zheng, C. (2025) · J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. · doi:10.1002/asi.25016 · Cited by 7
Shared disbelief and shared belief: Belief and disbelief as drivers of interpersonal neural synchronization during narrative processing
Braun, G., Yeshurun, Y., & Shetreet, E. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2422396122 · Cited by 6
The disinformation lifecycle: an integrated understanding of its creation, spread and effects
Kruijver, K., Finlayson, N., Cadet, B., & van der Meer, S. W. (2025) · Discover Global Society · doi:10.1007/s44282-025-00194-5 · Cited by 9
AI tutors vs. tenacious myths: Evidence from personalised dialogue interventions in education
Corbett, B. J., & Tangen, J. M. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108828 · Cited by 10
Overcoming health misinformation in marginalized groups: a systematic review
Senteio, C. R., Fields, S. D., Singh, R. K. P., Kamoga, R. M. N., Andrews, E. N., Gandsman, D., Halton, C. C., Rysinova, V., & Snow, S. (2025) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-025-02657-2 · Cited by 5
Making a List Requires Checking it Twice: A Call for Empirical Evidence in Characteristics Lists
Makel, M. C. (2025) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00169862251392934 · Cited by 5
Debunking fake ad claims: the moderating role of gender
Banerjee, S., Rocereto, J. F., Kwak, H., & Pandey, A. (2023) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2023.2171554 · Cited by 5
Addressing Antivaccine Sentiment on Public Social Media Forums Through Web-Based Conversations Based on Motivational Interviewing Techniques: Observational Study
Scales, D. A., Hurth, L., Xi, W., Gorman, S. E., Radhakrishnan, M., Windham, S., Akunne, A., Florman, J., Leininger, L. J., & Gorman, J. M. (2023) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/50138 · Cited by 5
Fighting Fakes on WhatsApp—Audience Perspectives on Fact Bots as Countermeasures
Frischlich, L., Klapproth, J., Frank, S., Heckmann, M., Kunze, S. E., & Murgas, T. (2024) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2024.2341299 · Cited by 11
The Credulity of Conspiracy Theorists
Keeley, B. L. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0029 · Cited by 5
Sensitivity to misinformation retractions in the continued influence paradigm: Evidence for stability
McIlhiney, P., Gignac, G. E., Weinborn, M., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2021) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218211048986 · Cited by 5
The potentials of heresthetic and rhetoric in an open framing situation: theory and evidence from a survey experiment
Körösényi, A., Patkós, V., Plesz, B., & Susánszky, P. (2021) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s1755773921000321 · Cited by 5
What Were the Information Voids? A Qualitative Analysis of Questions Asked by Dear Pandemic Readers between August 2020-August 2021
Piltch-Loeb, R. N., James, R., Albrecht, S. S., Buttenheim, A. M., Dowd, J. B., Kumar, A., Jones, M., Leininger, L. J., Simanek, A. M., & Aronowitz, S. V. (2023) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2023.2214986 · Cited by 5
Interventions for combating COVID-19 misinformation: A systematic realist review
Dickinson, R., Makowski, D., van Marwijk, H., & Ford, E. M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321818 · Cited by 5
Minimizing Knowledge Scepticism – Resourcing Students through Media and Information Literacy
Drotner, K. (2020) · European Review · doi:10.1017/s1062798720000903 · Cited by 5
Priming Effects on Behavior and Priming Behavioral Concepts: A Commentary on Sherman and Rivers (2020)
Albarracín, D., & Dai, W. (2021) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2021.1889319 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Discourses of fact-checking in Swedish news media
Juneström, A. (2021) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-03-2021-0061 · Cited by 6
Fighting Fire With Fire? Relegitimizing Strategies for Media Institutions Faced With Unwarranted “Fake News” Accusations
Neo, R. (2022) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051221077014 · Cited by 5
How does fact-check labeling impact the evaluations of inadvertently placed brand ads?
Lee, C., Kim, J., & Lim, J. S. (2023) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2023.2216965 · Cited by 7
The Conspiracy Theory Pyramid Scheme
Goertzel, T. G. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0015 · Cited by 5
Judicial decisions, intellectual virtues and the division of labour
Brasi, L. D. (2019) · The International Journal of Evidence & Proof · doi:10.1177/1365712719894007 · Cited by 6
Don’t Trust the Scientists! Rejecting the Scientific Consensus “Conspiracy”
Josh Pasek, B. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0013 · Cited by 5
Corrections of Political Misinformation: No Evidence for an Effect of Partisan Worldview in a U.S. Convenience Sample
Ecker, U. K. H., Sze, B. K. N., & Andreotta, M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bszm4 · Cited by 5
Corrections are effective for science misinformation
Butler, L. H., Degutis, J. M., Tay, L. Q., Ecker, U. K. H., & Swire‐Thompson, B. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02245-y · Cited by 5
Factual belief polarization between Democrats and Republicans: source or epiphenomenon of ideological and affective polarization?
Rekker, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2024.1254826 · Cited by 6
Modeling prebunking strategies to contain misinformation spread
Martalò, G., Menale, M., & Travaglini, R. (2025) · Results in Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1016/j.rinam.2025.100591 · Cited by 4
The Prevalence and Correlates of Residential School Denialism in Canada
Beauvais, E., & Williamson, M. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique · doi:10.1017/s0008423925100899 · Cited by 3
Debunking health misinformation with empathy
Schmid, P. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102213 · Cited by 4
Changing beliefs or changing behavior? Understanding the belief‐to‐behavior process and intervening to curb the impact of misinformation
Lee, H., & Albarracín, D. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.70014 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
The Effect of Correcting Neuromyths on Students’ and Teachers’ Later Reasoning
Lithander, M. P. G., Geraci, L. D., Karaca, M., & Hunsberger, R. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12100098 · Cited by 6
Google allows advertisers to target the sensitive informational queries of cancer patients
Zenone, M. A., Marcon, A. R., Kenworthy, N., van Schalkwyk, M. C., Caulfield, T., Hartwell, G., & Maani, N. (2024) · Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · doi:10.37016/mr-2020-170 · Cited by 10
Social Media Misinformation Wars: How Message Features, Political Cynicism, and Conspiracy Beliefs Shape Government-Led Public Health Debunking Effectiveness
Zhang, X.-Z., Peng, T.-Q., & Zhu, Q. (2025) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990251334107 · Cited by 4
Motivations behind misinformation engagement: approving, disapproving, and ignoring. A study on individual characteristics in connection with supporting and renouncing online misinformation
Morosoli, S., & Humprecht, E. (2025) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2025.2514200 · Cited by 6
Seeing Bullshit Rhetorically: Human Encounters and Cultural Values
Shedletsky, L. J. (2018) · Res Rhetorica · doi:10.29107/rr2018.4.3 · Cited by 4
Descriptions of Scientific Evidence and Uncertainty of Unproven COVID-19 Therapies in US News: Content Analysis Study
Watson, S., Benning, T. J., Marcon, A. R., Zhu, X., Caulfield, T., Sharp, R. R., & Master, Z. (2024) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/51328 · Cited by 5
The Interplay of Politics and Conspiracy Theories in Shaping Vaccine Hesitancy in a Diverse Cultural Setting in Italy
Wiedermann, C. J., Plagg, B., Rina, P., Piccoliori, G., & Engl, A. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22020230 · Cited by 4
The impact of interventions against science disinformation in high school students
Martini, C. M. C., Floris, M., Ronzani, P., Ausili, L., Pennacchioni, G., Adorno, G., & Panizza, F. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-16565-6 · Cited by 8
Attitudinal Spillover from Misleading Natural Cigarette Marketing: An Experiment Examining Current and Former Smokers’ Support for Tobacco Industry Regulation
Gratale, S. K., Sangalang, A., Maloney, E. K., & Cappella, J. N. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193554 · Cited by 4
Fake News: Logical Reasoning Ability and Students Vulnerability
Moneva, J. C., Yaun, R. M. N., & Desabille, I. (2020) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v10-i3/7090 · Cited by 4
Correcting eyewitness suggestibility: does explanatory role predict resistance to correction?
Braun, B. E., Zaragoza, M. S., Chrobak, Q. M., & Ithisuphalap, J. (2020) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2020.1854788 · Cited by 4
Out-Party Cues and Factual Beliefs in an Era of Negative Partisanship
Ahn, S., Bergan, D. E., Carnahan, D., Barry, R. C., & Ulusoy, E. (2021) · Journal of Political Marketing · doi:10.1080/15377857.2021.1939570 · Cited by 5

Authors: Chan, M.-P. S., Jones, C. R., Hall Jamieson, K., & Albarracín, D.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
University of Pennsylvania (US)
The Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania
Corresponding author: Chan, Man-pui Sally
ORCID: Chan, Man-pui Sally
Jones, Christopher R.
Albarracín, Dolores
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2017-09-12
Volume: 28
Issue: 11
Pages: 1531-1546
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1177/0956797617714579
PMC: PMC5673564
OpenAlex: W2754477858
Cited by: 898
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 81 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 3
FWCI: 20.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH094241)
National Cancer Institute (P50CA179546)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
Keywords: debunking, misinformation, belief revision, attitude change, misinformation correction
MeSH terms: Attitude, Communication, Humans, Thinking

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Debunking: A Meta-Analysis of the Psychological Efficacy of Messages Countering Misinformation

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks