Cited by 898Misinformation and Its ImpactsSocial and Intergroup PsychologyDeception detection and forensic psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Debunking: A Meta-Analysis of the Psychological Efficacy of Messages Countering Misinformation

Open access

Chan, Man-pui Sally, Jones, Christopher R., Hall Jamieson, Kathleen, Albarracín, Dolores·2017·Psychological Science

DOI 10.1177/0956797617714579PMC PMC5673564

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

This meta-analysis investigated the factors underlying effective messages to counter attitudes and beliefs based on misinformation. Because misinformation can lead to poor decisions about consequential matters and is persistent and difficult to correct, debunking it is an important scientific and public-policy goal. This meta-analysis ( k = 52, N = 6,878) revealed large effects for presenting misinformation ( ds = 2.41–3.08), debunking ( ds = 1.14–1.33), and the persistence of misinformation in the face of debunking ( ds = 0.75–1.06). Persistence was stronger and the debunking effect was weaker when audiences generated reasons in support of the initial misinformation. A detailed debunking message correlated positively with the debunking effect. Surprisingly, however, a detailed debunking message also correlated positively with the misinformation-persistence effect.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0956797617714579

Cites

42 of 42 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
The Effect of Riding as an Alternative Treatment for Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Wang, G., Ma, R., Qiao, G., Wada, K., Aizawa, Y., & Satoh, T. (2015) · Integrative Medicine International · doi:10.1159/000368408 · Cited by 18,762
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225
Untitled work
(1999) · Cited by 6,104
A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality.
Kahneman, D. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.9.697 · Cited by 5,540
Encyclopedia of human behavior
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-0638 · Cited by 3,250
Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis
Viechtbauer, W., & Cheung, M. W.-L. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.11 · Cited by 2,949

Show all 42 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Johnson-Laird P. N., 2013, Cognitive consistency: A unifying concept in social psychology, 225
Johnson-Laird P. N., 1991, Deduction
*Thorson E. A. (2013). Belief echoes: The persistent effects of corrected misinformation (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania). Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3564225

Sorted by citations

The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N., Kendeou, P., Vraga, E. K., & Amazeen, M. A. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y · Cited by 1,372
Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S.
Römer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356 · Cited by 1,065
Countering Misinformation and Fake News Through Inoculation and Prebunking
Lewandowsky, S., & van der Linden, S. (2021) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2021.1876983 · Cited by 773
Fake news game confers psychological resistance against online misinformation
Roozenbeek, J., & van der Linden, S. (2019) · Palgrave Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0279-9 · Cited by 708
Fact-checking: a meta-analysis of what works and for whom
Walter, N., Cohen, J., Holbert, R. L., & Morag, Y. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894 · Cited by 690
Exposure to untrustworthy websites in the 2016 US election
Guess, A. M., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0833-x · Cited by 587
How to unring the bell: A meta-analytic approach to correction of misinformation
Walter, N., & Murphy, S. T. (2018) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2018.1467564 · Cited by 561
Misinformation: susceptibility, spread, and interventions to immunize the public
van der Linden, S. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01713-6 · Cited by 570
A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Continued Influence of Misinformation in the Face of Correction: How Powerful Is It, Why Does It Happen, and How to Stop It?
Walter, N., & Tukachinsky, R. (2020) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650219854600 · Cited by 522
Taking Corrections Literally But Not Seriously? The Effects of Information on Factual Beliefs and Candidate Favorability
Nyhan, B. J., Porter, E. V., Reifler, J., & Wood, T. (2017) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-019-09528-x · Cited by 557
Seeking Formula for Misinformation Treatment in Public Health Crises: The Effects of Corrective Information Type and Source
van der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Jin, Y. (2019) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2019.1573295 · Cited by 432
The spread of medical fake news in social media – The pilot quantitative study
Waszak, P. M., Kasprzycka-Waszak, W., & Kubanek, A. (2018) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2018.03.002 · Cited by 406
Aging in an Era of Fake News
Brashier, N. M., & Schacter, D. L. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420915872 · Cited by 480
Good News about Bad News: Gamified Inoculation Boosts Confidence and Cognitive Immunity Against Fake News
Basol, M., Roozenbeek, J., & Van der Linden, S. (2020) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.91 · Cited by 368
Social Media, Echo Chambers, and Political Polarization
Barberá, P. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.004 · Cited by 373
Searching for the backfire effect: Measurement and design considerations.
Swire-Thompson, B., DeGutis, J., & Lazer, D. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006 · Cited by 360
COVID-19-related misinformation on social media: a systematic review
Gabarron, E., Oyeyemi, S. O., & Wynn, R. (2021) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.20.276782 · Cited by 345
Misinformation and Polarization in a High-Choice Media Environment: How Effective Are Political Fact-Checkers?
Hameleers, M., & van der Meer, T. G. L. A. (2019) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650218819671 · Cited by 328
Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments.
Maertens, R., Roozenbeek, J., Basol, M., & van der Linden, S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000315 · Cited by 321
Ten considerations for effectively managing the COVID-19 transition
Habersaat, K. B., Betsch, C., Danchin, M. H., Sunstein, C. R., BOHM, R. M., Falk, A., Brewer, N. T., Omer, S. B., Scherzer, M., Sah, S., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0906-x · Cited by 315
Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them
(2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.001.0001 · Cited by 294
Judging Truth
Brashier, N. M., & Marsh, E. J. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050807 · Cited by 288
Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions
Nyhan, B. J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1912440117 · Cited by 294
A Picture Paints a Thousand Lies? The Effects and Mechanisms of Multimodal Disinformation and Rebuttals Disseminated via Social Media
Hameleers, M., Powell, T. E., Van Der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Bos, L. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2019.1674979 · Cited by 273
Political Misinformation
Jerit, J., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032814 · Cited by 263
Facts and Myths about Misperceptions
Nyhan, B. J. (2020) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.34.3.220 · Cited by 263
The Relation between Media Consumption and Misinformation at the Outset of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in the US
Jamieson, K. H., & Albarracín, D. (2020) · Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · doi:10.37016/mr-2020-012 · Cited by 243
Self-citation
The global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom
Porter, E. V., & Wood, T. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2104235118 · Cited by 275
Information overload and fake news sharing: A transactional stress perspective exploring the mitigating role of consumers’ resilience during COVID-19
Bermes, A. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102555 · Cited by 264
The Effects of Unsubstantiated Claims of Voter Fraud on Confidence in Elections
Berlinski, N., Doyle, M., Guess, A., Levy, G., Lyons, B. A., Montgomery, J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2021.18 · Cited by 135
Separating truth from lies: comparing the effects of news media literacy interventions and fact-checkers in response to political misinformation in the US and Netherlands
Hameleers, M. (2020) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2020.1764603 · Cited by 223
Psychological Inoculation against Misinformation: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Traberg, C. S., Roozenbeek, J., & van der Linden, S. (2022) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162221087936 · Cited by 224
Linking employees’ challenge-hindrance appraisals toward AI to service performance: the influences of job crafting, job insecurity and AI knowledge
He, C., Teng, R., & Song, J. (2023) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-07-2022-0848 · Cited by 250
Timing matters when correcting fake news
Brashier, N. M., Pennycook, G., Berinsky, A. J., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2020043118 · Cited by 216
“This is fake news”: Investigating the role of conformity to other users’ views when commenting on and spreading disinformation in social media
Colliander, J. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.032 · Cited by 228
Political Psychology in the Digital (mis)Information age: A Model of News Belief and Sharing
Van Bavel, J. J., Harris, E. A., Pärnamets, P., Rathje, S., Doell, K. C., & Tucker, J. A. (2021) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12077 · Cited by 213
Misinformation, Disinformation, and Online Propaganda
Guess, A. M., & Lyons, B. A. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.003 · Cited by 284
A Signal Detection Approach to Understanding the Identification of Fake News
Batailler, C., Brannon, S. M., Teas, P. E., & Gawronski, B. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620986135 · Cited by 209
The effectiveness of short‐format refutational fact‐checks
Ecker, U. K. H., O’Reilly, Z., Reid, J. S., & Chang, E. P. (2019) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12383 · Cited by 197
In the hearts and minds of employees: A model of pre-adoptive appraisal toward artificial intelligence in organizations
Chiu, Y.-T., Zhu, Y., & Corbett, J. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102379 · Cited by 206
Public communication trends after COVID-19
Alfonsi, C., Varazzani, C., Tan, E. H. Y., & Sullivan-Paul, M. (2022) · OECD working papers on public governance · doi:10.1787/cb4de393-en · Cited by 187
Educative Interventions to Combat Misinformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India
Badrinathan, S. (2021) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055421000459 · Cited by 191
Can you believe it? An investigation into the impact of retraction source credibility on the continued influence effect
Ecker, U. K. H., & Antonio, L. (2021) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01129-y · Cited by 158
Confirmation Bias and the Persistence of Misinformation on Climate Change
Zhou, Y., & Shen, L. (2022) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502211028049 · Cited by 155
An initial accuracy focus prevents illusory truth
Brashier, N. M., Eliseev, E. D., & Marsh, E. J. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104054 · Cited by 159
The effects of corrective information about disease epidemics and outbreaks: Evidence from Zika and yellow fever in Brazil
Carey, J. M., Chi, V., Flynn, D. J., Nyhan, B. J., & Zeitzoff, T. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw7449 · Cited by 143
Effects of fact-checking social media vaccine misinformation on attitudes toward vaccines
Zhang, J., Featherstone, J. D., Calabrese, C. R., & Wojcieszak, M. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106408 · Cited by 161
Public acceptability of nudging and taxing to reduce consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and food: A population-based survey experiment
Reynolds, J., Archer, S., Pilling, M., Kenny, M. J., Hollands, G., & Marteau, T. M. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112395 · Cited by 111
Feeling angry: the effects of vaccine misinformation and refutational messages on negative emotions and vaccination attitude
Featherstone, J. D., & Zhang, J. (2020) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2020.1838671 · Cited by 145
A meta-analysis of correction effects in science-relevant misinformation
Chan, M. S., & Albarracín, D. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01623-8 · Cited by 154
Self-citation
(Why) Is Misinformation a Problem?
Adams, Z., Osman, M., Bechlivanidis, C., & Meder, B. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221141344 · Cited by 182
Countering Misinformation
Roozenbeek, J., Culloty, E., & Suiter, J. (2023) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000492 · Cited by 151
Comparing the use of open and closed questions for Web-based measures of the continued-influence effect
Desai, S. C., & Reimers, S. J. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1066-z · Cited by 166
Factors Affecting the Adoption of an Electronic Word of Mouth Message: A Meta-Analysis
Qahri‐Saremi, H., & Montazemi, A. R. (2019) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2019.1628936 · Cited by 144
Communicating the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of government policies and their impact on public support: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Reynolds, J., Stautz, K., Pilling, M., van der Linden, S., & Marteau, T. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190522 · Cited by 109
Facts and Where to Find Them: Empirical Research on Internet Platforms and Content Moderation
Keller, D., & Leerssen, P. (2020) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · doi:10.1017/9781108890960
How Trust in Experts and Media Use Affect Acceptance of Common Anti-Vaccination Claims
Stecula, D. A., Kuru, O., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020) · Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · doi:10.37016/mr-2020-007 · Cited by 132
Patterns of Media Use, Strength of Belief in COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories, and the Prevention of COVID-19 From March to July 2020 in the United States: Survey Study
Romer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25215 · Cited by 154
Fake news agenda in the era of COVID-19: Identifying trends through fact-checking content
Ceron, W., de‐Lima‐Santos, M., & Quiles, M. G. (2020) · Online Social Networks and Media · doi:10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100116 · Cited by 145
Evaluation of a template for countering misinformation—Real-world Autism treatment myth debunking
Paynter, J. M., Luskin-Saxby, S., Keen, D., Fordyce, K., Frost, G., Imms, C., Miller, S., Trembath, D. L., Tucker, M. N., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210746 · Cited by 129
The cranky uncle game—combining humor and gamification to build student resilience against climate misinformation
Cook, J., Ecker, U. K. H., Trecek-King, M., Schade, G., Jeffers-Tracy, K., Fessmann, J., Kim, S. C., Kinkead, D., Orr, M., Vraga, E. K., et al. (2022) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2022.2085671 · Cited by 147
Online Hate Speech
Siegel, A. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.005 · Cited by 123
The ephemeral effects of fact-checks on COVID-19 misperceptions in the United States, Great Britain and Canada
Carey, J. M., Guess, A. M., Loewen, P. J., Merkley, E., Nyhan, B., Phillips, J. B., & Reifler, J. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01278-3 · Cited by 118
Can corrections spread misinformation to new audiences? Testing for the elusive familiarity backfire effect
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Chadwick, M. (2020) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00241-6 · Cited by 131
Countering misinformation via WhatsApp: Preliminary evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe
Bowles, J., Larreguy, H., & Liu, S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240005 · Cited by 127
Mapping Recent Development in Scholarship on Fake News and Misinformation, 2008 to 2017: Disciplinary Contribution, Topics, and Impact
Ha, L. S., Perez, L. A., & Ray, R. (2019) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219869402 · Cited by 132
The Emerging Science of Content Labeling: Contextualizing Social Media Content Moderation
Morrow, G., Swire‐Thompson, B., Polny, J. M., Kopec, M., & Wihbey, J. (2020) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24637 · Cited by 124
Perverse Downstream Consequences of Debunking: Being Corrected by Another User for Posting False Political News Increases Subsequent Sharing of Low Quality, Partisan, and Toxic Content in a Twitter Field Experiment
Mosleh, M., Martel, C., Eckles, D., & Rand, D. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445642 · Cited by 106
Nudging Social Media toward Accuracy
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2022) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162221092342 · Cited by 106
OECD Report on Public Communication
OECD (2021) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/22f8031c-en · Cited by 105
Misplaced trust: When trust in science fosters belief in pseudoscience and the benefits of critical evaluation
O’Brien, T. C., Palmer, R., & Albarracín, D. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104184 · Cited by 114
Self-citation
Characterizing COVID-19 Misinformation Communities Using a Novel Twitter DatasetPreprint
Memon, S. A., & Carley, K. M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.00791 · Cited by 96
Can we reduce facial biases? Persistent effects of facial trustworthiness on sentencing decisions
Jaeger, B., Todorov, A. T., Evans, A. M., & van Beest, I. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104004 · Cited by 95
A meta‐analysis of the elaboration likelihood model in the electronic word of mouth literature
Moradi, M., & Zihagh, F. (2022) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12814 · Cited by 113
Interventions to Mitigate COVID-19 Misinformation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Janmohamed, K., Walter, N., Nyhan, K., Khoshnood, K., Tucker, J. D., Sangngam, N., Altice, F. L., Ding, Q., Wong, A., Schwitzky, Z. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2021.2021460 · Cited by 91
The fingerprints of misinformation: how deceptive content differs from reliable sources in terms of cognitive effort and appeal to emotions
Carrasco-Farré, C. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01174-9 · Cited by 84
Can presidential misinformation on climate change be corrected? Evidence from Internet and phone experiments
Porter, E. V., Wood, T., & Bahador, B. (2019) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168019864784 · Cited by 86
The Effects of Corrective Communication and Employee Backup on the Effectiveness of Fighting Crisis Misinformation
Jin, Y., van der Meer, T. G. L. A., Lee, Y.-I., & Lu, X. (2020) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101910 · Cited by 83
Panel report: the dark side of the digitization of the individual
Turel, O., Matt, C., Trenz, M., Cheung, C. M. K., D’Arcy, J., Qahri‐Saremi, H., & Tarafdar, M. (2019) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-04-2019-541 · Cited by 91
El Fact Checking en España. Plataformas, prácticas y rasgos distintivos
Pan, F. L., & Rodríguez, J. (2020) · Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico · doi:10.5209/esmp.65246 · Cited by 89
The perils of misinformation: when health literacy goes awry
Schulz, P. J., & Nakamoto, K. (2022) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-021-00534-z · Cited by 72
How Can Psychological Science Help Counter the Spread of Fake News?
van der Linden, S., Roozenbeek, J., Maertens, R., Basol, M., Kácha, O., Rathje, S., & Traberg, C. S. (2021) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2021.23 · Cited by 71
The effects of emotions, individual attitudes towards vaccination, and social endorsements on perceived fake news credibility and sharing motivations
Ali, K. I., Li, C., Zain-ul-abdin, K., & Muqtadir, S. A. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107307 · Cited by 80
Do Corrective Effects Last? Results from a Longitudinal Experiment on Beliefs Toward Immigration in the U.S.
Carnahan, D., Bergan, D. E., & Lee, S. (2020) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-020-09591-9 · Cited by 80
Researching Fake News: A Selective Examination of Empirical Studies
Jankowski, N. (2018) · The Liquefaction of Publicness · doi:10.1080/13183222.2018.1418964 · Cited by 53
The cognitive science of fake news
Levy, N. L., & Ross, R. M. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429326769-23 · Cited by 69
Characteristics of Antivaccine Messages on Social Media: Systematic Review
Wawrzuta, D., Jaworski, M., Gotlib, J., & Pańczyk, M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24564 · Cited by 79
Unpacking Multimodal Fact-Checking: Features and Engagement of Fact-Checking Videos on Chinese TikTok (Douyin)
Lu, Y., & Shen, C. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051221150406 · Cited by 82
The (Un)Intended Consequences of Emphasizing the Threats of Mis- and Disinformation
Hameleers, M. (2023) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v11i2.6301 · Cited by 81
Counter-narratives for the prevention of violent radicalisation: A systematic review of targeted interventions
Carthy, S. L., Doody, C. B., Cox, K. M., O’Hora, D. P., & Sarma, K. M. (2020) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1106 · Cited by 87
Democratic Transparency in the Platform Society
Gorwa, R., & Ash, T. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.013 · Cited by 71
Social Media News Use and COVID-19 Misinformation Engagement: Survey Study
Ahmed, S., & Rasul, M. E. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/38944 · Cited by 86
Misleading Claims About Tobacco Products in YouTube Videos: Experimental Effects of Misinformation on Unhealthy Attitudes
Albarracín, D., Romer, D., Jones, C., Jamieson, K. H., & Jamieson, P. E. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9959 · Cited by 66
Self-citation
Characterizing the COVID-19 Infodemic on Chinese Social Media: Exploratory Study
Zhang, S., Pian, W., Ma, F., Ni, Z., & Liu, Y. (2021) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/26090 · Cited by 65
Information overload and misinformation sharing behaviour of social media users: Testing the moderating role of cognitive ability
Apuke, O. D., Omar, B., Tunca, E. A., & Gever, V. C. (2022) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/01655515221121942 · Cited by 71
Misinformation and Its Correction
Wittenberg, C., & Berinsky, A. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.009 · Cited by 64
Crisis or self-correction: Rethinking media narratives about the well-being of science
Jamieson, K. H. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1708276114 · Cited by 71
Correcting Misinformation About Neuroscience via Social Media
Smith, C. N., & Seitz, H. H. (2019) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547019890073 · Cited by 69
Adolescent sleep health and school start times: Setting the research agenda for California and beyond. A research summit summary
Ziporyn, T. D., Owens, J. A., Wahlstrom, K. L., Wolfson, A. R., Troxel, W., Saletin, J., Rubens, S. L., Pelayo, R., Payne, P. A., Hale, L. E., et al. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.10.008 · Cited by 66
False Alarm
Porter, E. V., & Wood, T. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108688338 · Cited by 112

Authors: Chan, M.-P. S., Jones, C. R., Hall Jamieson, K., & Albarracín, D.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
University of Pennsylvania (US)
The Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania
Corresponding author: Chan, Man-pui Sally
ORCID: Chan, Man-pui Sally
Jones, Christopher R.
Albarracín, Dolores
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2017-09-12
Volume: 28
Issue: 11
Pages: 1531-1546
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1177/0956797617714579
PMC: PMC5673564
OpenAlex: W2754477858
Cited by: 898
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 81 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 3
FWCI: 20.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH094241)
National Cancer Institute (P50CA179546)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
Keywords: debunking, misinformation, belief revision, attitude change, misinformation correction
MeSH terms: Attitude, Communication, Humans, Thinking

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Debunking: A Meta-Analysis of the Psychological Efficacy of Messages Countering Misinformation

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks