Social Class as Culture: The Convergence of Resources and Rank in the Social Realm
Abstract
Social class reflects more than the material conditions of people’s lives. Objective resources (e.g., income) shape cultural practices and behaviors that signal social class. These signals create cultural identities among upper- and lower-class individuals—identities that are rooted in subjective perceptions of social-class rank vis-à-vis others. Empirical studies find that perceptions of social-class rank influence patterns of contextual versus dispositional cognition and other- versus self-oriented affect and behavior that are consistent with objective resource-based measures of social class. Our theoretical conceptualization emphasizes the utility of measuring and manipulating perceptions of social-class rank to better understand how social class influences thought and action across diverse social domains.
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Differences in material resources available to working- and middle-class people create cultural identities based on subjective perceptions of social rank in relation to others.
“The latter authors argue that the differences in material resources available to working‐ and middle‐class people create cultural identities that are based on subjective perceptions of social rank in relation to others.”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Piff, and Keltner (2011)
Perceptions of social rank are based on distinctive patterns of observable behaviour arising from differences in wealth, education, and occupation.
“These perceptions are based on distinctive patterns of observable behaviour arising from differences in wealth, education, and occupation.”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Piff, and Keltner (2011)
Subjective social rank exerts broad influences on thought, emotion, and social behavior independently of the substance of objective social class.
“subjective social rank ‘exerts broad influences on thought, emotion, and social behavior independently of the substance of objective social class’”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. (2011)
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Jia, X., Zhu, H., Sun, G., Huanlei, M., & Zhao, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.760968 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Brannon, T. N., Taylor, V. J., Higginbotham, G. D., & Henderson, K. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12326 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Lower Social Class Does Not (Always) Mean Greater Interdependence
Stephens, N. K., Cameron, J. S., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2014) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022114534768 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Time Use and Happiness of Millionaires: Evidence From the Netherlands
Smeets, P., Whillans, A. V., Bekkers, R., & Norton, M. I. (2019) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619854751 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Social-Class Differences in Consumer Choices
Na, J., McDonough, I. M., Chan, M. Y., & Park, D. C. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216634043 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Survivalist Organizing in Urban Poverty Contexts
Weiss, T., Lounsbury, M., & Bruton, G. (2024) · Organization science (Providence, R.I.) · doi:10.1287/orsc.2023.17644 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Moving across Status Lines: Low Concern for the Ingroup and Group Identification
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- Authors
- Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 246-250
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2135699994
- Cited by
- 398
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 57.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Cultural Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Keywords
- social class, cultural identity, cultural practices
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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