Smoking is Associated with Greater Symptom Load in Bipolar Disorder Patients
Abstract
Background Individuals with mental illness have a higher prevalence of smoking than those without a mental illness. Nicotine has several effects on mood and cognition. After many studies, the nature of the effect of smoking on mental illness is not clear. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of smoking status and symptom load in an outpatient bipolar disorder population. Data were collected and analyzed from 134 outpatients regarding smoking status and symptom profile and severity using the Rapid Psychiatric Interview Data scale. Results Smokers had more severe anxiety symptoms (5.2 ± 7.6 vs 2.2 ± 3.3, z = 3.8, P = .0001), depressive symptoms (9.0 ± 9.6 vs 6.5 ± 8.1, z = 3.2, P = .0015), and manic symptoms (3.0 ± 4.2 vs 1.5 ± 2.9, z = 2.1, P = .04) than nonsmokers. Conclusion Smokers with bipolar disorder carry a greater symptom burden than nonsmokers. However, this is an associational study, and the true nature of the relationship is not clear.
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In adults with bipolar disorder, smoking has been associated with higher symptom load for mania, depression and anxiety, more agitation and impulsivity, more hospitalizations, lower functionality and more suicide attempts.
“In adults with BD, smoking has also been associated with higher symptom load for mania, depression and anxiety (43, 44), more agitation and impulsivity (45, 46), more hospitalizations, lower functionality and more suicide attempts (6, 47, 48).”
From The detrimental effects of smoking on the course and outcome in adults with bipolar disorder—A narrative review (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Saiyad, M., & El-Mallakh, R. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Louisville (US)
- Mood Disorders Research Program Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, KY, USA
- Venue
- Annals of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 305-309
- ISSN
- 1040-1237 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-3325
- OpenAlex
- W2186760500
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- smoking, bipolar disorder, symptom burden, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, manic symptoms, nicotine, psychiatric symptom severity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Animals, Bipolar Disorder, Chick Embryo, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking, Comorbidity
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