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Bridging the Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches to the Analysis of Clinical Data
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The nomothetic approach (i.e., the study of interindividual variation) dominates analyses of clinical data, even though its assumption of homogeneity across people and time is often violated. The idiographic approach (i.e., the study of intraindividual variation) is best suited for analyses of heterogeneous clinical data, but its person-specific methods and results have been criticized as unwieldy. Group iterative multiple model estimation (GIMME) combines the assets of the nomothetic and idiographic approaches by creating person-specific maps that contain a group-level structure. The maps show how intensively measured variables predict and are predicted by each other at different time scales. In this article, GIMME is introduced conceptually and mathematically, and then applied to an empirical data set containing the negative affect, detachment, disinhibition, and hostility composite ratings from the daily diaries of 25 individuals with personality pathology. Results are discussed with the aim of elucidating GIMME’s potential for clinical research and practice.
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“At best, research guided by such an assumption would apply methods to analyze outcomes that could show only how individuals change from one point to another (and usually just at two time points) in accordance with the nomothetic approach (i.e., with the objective of making general predictions about the population) (Beltz et al., 2016).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Beltz, A. M., Wright, A. G. C., Sprague, B. N., & Molenaar, P. C. M.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Beltz, Adriene M.
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-05-10
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 447-458
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC5104664
- OpenAlex
- W2358148633
- Cited by
- 293
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 34.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH097325, R01MH080086, L30-MH101760)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- nomothetic approach, idiographic approach, group iterative multiple model estimation, GIMME, within-person variability, interindividual variability, daily diary, personality pathology, negative affect, detachment, disinhibition, hostility
- MeSH terms
- Biological Variation, Population, Adult, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Mathematics, Models, Psychological, Personality Disorders, Statistics as Topic
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